MIDTERM OFFICIAL Flashcards
Soft tissue that develops into a tooth
Tooth germ
When do tooth buds begin to grow
During 6th wk of fetal life
Early tooth socket
Crypt
Which tooth structures form first
- Dentin & enamel
- Cementum
The dentin that forms during the 6th wk of fetal life is called
Primary dentin
Secondary dentin is formed _______
Continuously throughout life
Secondary dentin is produced after
Root formation or completion
When do primary teeth begin to calcify (get harder)
4th or 5th month of fetal life
Hardening of tooth tissue by deposition of mineral salts
Calcification
Calcification of primary teeth continues until the _____ or ______ year after birth
3rd or 4th
Soon after birth ________ teeth begin to calcify
Permanent
What dentin is laid down locally as protection for the pulp from irritation, caries, or trauma
Reparitive dentin
Calcification continues until about the _____ year when roots of wisdom teeth become calcified.
25yrs
Each tooth begins to form from ____ or more growth centers
4
Growth centers grow out from the tooth germ and are known as _________ lobes.
Developmental lobes
The fusion of lobes is called ________
Coalescence
The junction that forms the union of lobes is marked by lines on the teeth called
Developmental grooves
When do deciduous first molars erupt
14-18 months
When do deciduous canines erupt
17-23 months
When do deciduous second molars erupt
23-31 months
The first teeth to appear in the mouth are usually
Mandibular central incisors
When deciduous canines erupt, they bring supporting bone with them called
Canines eminence
All deciduous teeth are expected by what age
2.5
Premature loss of deciduous teeth may cause
abnormal jaw and growth development
The first of the permanent teeth to emerge are usually the
Mandibular 1st molars
The permanent mandibular 1st molars emerge distal to the
Deciduous second molars
________ is the tendency of the permanent molars to have an eruptive force toward the midline
Mesial drift
Because there is little extra space for the permanent 1st premolar, the infringement of the permanent molar into this space may what-
Keep a molar or canine from properly erupting
_______ is the process by which the roots of a baby tooth are resorbed and dissolved until so little root remains that the baby tooth falls out
Exfoliation
________ destroy the roots of the deciduous teeth
Osteoclasts
T/F: Maxillary premolars often precede the mandibular molars
True
Often referred to as 12 yr molars
Maxillary second molars
_______ teeth that do not completely erupt but remain embedded in bone or soft tissue
Impacted teeth
The 3rd molars do not appear until age ___
17
What teeth are most likely to be impacted
3rd molars
What teeth are most common teeth to be congenitally missing
Max and mand 3rd molars
_____ is the wearing away of the tooth through contact with its functional surfaces
Attrition
As the teeth erupt and meet their posing tooth in the opposite arch, they form what is known as the
Occlusal plane
When do permanent Max and mand 1st molars erupt
6-7 years
The period of _______ dentition begins with the eruption of the 1st deciduous tooth
Primary
T/F: When the 1st permanent molar erupts, the period of primary dentin ends
At what age do you see mixed dentition
6 yrs of age
The period of _______ dentition begins when the last primary tooth is lost and when the last _______ tooth is lost
Permanent
Edentulous
No teeth
_____ Runs from the margins of the lips posterily to the area of the tonsils
Oral mucosa
The oral mucosa is composed of what types of tissue
Stratified squamous epithelium and connective tissue
Layer of dead cells, no nuclei
Keratinized
Dead and dying cells with and without nuclei
Parakeratinized
Cells that are alive and have nuclei
Non-keratinized
What is the function of mucosa
Protects oral structure
Secreted moisture
Absorbs nutrients
3 types of oral mucosa
- Specialized
- Masticatory mucosa
- Lining mucosa
Specialized mucosa is found
On the dorsal of the tongue
Masticatory mucosa is found
Gingiva & hard palate
Lining mucosa is found
- Labial/buccal
- Alveolar
- Soft palate
- Ventral of the tongue & floor of mouth
Loose, flexible & unattached tissue
- Lining mucosa
- Masticatory mucosa
- Specialized mucosa
Lining mucosa
This mucosa is firm, thick & immovable
- Lining mucosa
- Masticatory mucosa
- Specialized mucosa
Masticatory mucosa
____ is a part of the interdental gingiva that is apical to the contact area and connects the facial & lingual interdental papillae
Col
_______ Is the space from the gingible margin to the base of the circus where it attaches to the tooth
Sulcus
What is one of the first areas involved in periodontal disease?
Interdental papilla
______ is the line between alveolar mucosa and attached gingiva
Mucogingival junction
The space that exists between the lips or cheeks and the teeth is known as the
Vestibule
The ares surrounded by the teeth back to the palatine tonsils is called the
Oral cavity proper
Bone that forms the sockets of the teeth
Alveolar bone
The point where lips/cheeks turn to go toward the gingival tissue
Mucobuccal fold
Mucosa laying against the alveolar bone, loosely attacjed and moveable, reddish due to many blood vessels
Alveolar mucosa
The point where the gingiva becomes tightly attached to the bone
Mucogingival junction
Misplaced sebaceous glands
Fordyce granules
Bony growths on the buccal cortical plate of the max & mand
Exostosis
________ is the anterior pillar
- Palatoglossal arch
- Palatopharyngeal arch
Palatoglossal arch
_______ is the posterior pillar
- Palatoglossal arch
- Palatopharyngeal arch
Palatopharyngeal arch
______ is the space between left and right tonsils
Fauces
_____ is the opening for the ducts of 2 major salivary glands, submandibular & Sublingual Glands
Sublingual caruncles
Small openings for the Sublingual salivary gland are found along the ________ fold.
Sublingual fold
The tongue starts to develop about
4 1/2 weeks in utero
The tongue muscles are divided into 2 groups
- Intrinsic
- Extrinsic
The tongue is covered with what type of epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
A
Foliate
B
Circumvallate
C
Filiform
D
Fungiform
- Around 13 elevations (V)
- V-shaped row facing posteriorly of circular raised elevations
- Divides Posterior 1/3 and ant 2/3
Circumvallate
- Anterior 2/3 of tongue,
- Tiny, round, red, raised, spots
- Taste buds in these papillae
Fungiform
- Remainder anterior 2/3 of tongue
- Slender, threadlike, pointed projections
- No taste buds
- Tactile sensation
Filiform
- Posterior 1/3 of tongue and on lateral (side)
surfaces, close to vallate papillae - Few taste buds, not well developed
Foliate
The crown and the root are joined at the
CEJ
the whole crown of the tooth that is covered by enamel (regardless of whether it is erupted)
Anatomical crown
the part of the crown that is visible above the gingiva
Clinical crown
The line formed by the junction of the cementumand the enamel is called the
CEJ
Division of 2 root segments
Bifurcation
Division of a root into 3 segments
Trifurcation
Between the roots is called _____
Furcal region
The portion of the jaw that supports the teeth is called the
Alveolar process
The bony socket in which the tooth fits is called the
Alveolus
What anchors the tooth to the bone?
The root
4 tissues of the tooth
- Enamel
- Dentin
- Cementum
- Dental pulp
The hardest tissue in the human body
Enamel
Enamel is thickest at the ______ and thinnest at the ______
Tip of the crown & CEJ
As we age, the pulp recedes and is replaced by
Secondary dentin
______ forms the main portion or body of the tooth
Dentin
Dentin is what color
Yellow
_____ dentin grows very quickly and is initiated by normal attrition and wear & normal againg process
Secondary
____ dentin is laid down in response to caries or trauma
Reparitive
____ covers the root of the tooth
Cementum
Cementum is thin at the _____ & thicker at the ____
CEJ & apex
Cells that produce cementum are called
Cementoblasts
2 types of cementum
- Cellular
- Acellular
Housed inside the center of the tooth and dentin is the _____
Pulp
The _____ of the tooth is composed of blood vessels, lymp vessels, connective tissue, nerve tissue and special forming cells.
The pulp
Dentin forming cells are called
Odontoblasts
The walls of the pulp cavity are lined with
Odontoblasts
Dentin forming cells that surround the pulp
Odonotoblasts
________’s chief function is to lay down primary, secondary and reparitive dentin
Odontoblasts
The nerves in the tooth CANNOT respond to ________ only ______
Cold/heat
Pain
2 divisions of pulp
Pulp chamber
Pulp canals
Pulp chamber + Pulp canals =
Pulp cavity
Blood vessels in the pulp supply ______ cells necessary to fight bacteria invasion
WBC
____ are the longest teeth in the human dentition
Canines
_______ have the longest roots if the entire dentition
Max canines
Premolars can have _____ or _____ cusps
2 or 3 cusps
There can be _____ or _____ cusps on the occlusal surface of a molar
4 or 5
Incisors are functioned to
Cut
Canines are functioned to
Hold, grasp & tear
Premolars are functioned to
Hold, grind & crush
Molars are functioned to
Chew & grind
__________ form when lobes fuse together
Developmental grooves
Incisors, canines, and premolars have _____ facial lobes & ______ lingual lobes
3 facial, 1 lingual
Premolars have _____ facial lobes and _____ lingual lobes
3 facial, 1 lingual
1st max molars have _______ facial loves and _____ lingual lobes
2 facial lobes & 3 lingual lobes
1st mand molars have _____ facial lobes and ____ lingual lobes
3 facial, 2 lingual
2nd molars have _____ facial lobes & ____ lingual lobes
2 facial lobes and 2 lingual lobes
Tubercles
Marginal Ridge
Fossa
Cingulim
This gland secretes watery serous secretion
Parotid gland
The largest of all glands
Parotid gland
This gland produces 25% of the total resting salivary volume
Parotid gland
This glands ducts open into the oral cavity opposite the Maxillary 2nd molars
Parotid gland
Parotid gland =
Stensons duct
This gland is below the body of the mandible and wraps around the mylohoid muscle in the neck
Submandibular
This gland produces 60-65% of resting saliva
Submandibular
This gland secretes mixed cells (serous & mucosa)
Submandibular
This gland opens in the Sublingual caruncle at the bas of the lingual frenum in the floor of the mouth
Submandibular
This gland is located on the anterior floor of the mouth, next to mandibular canines
Sublingual gland
This gland is the smallest of the 3 pairs
Sublingual gland
This gland produces 10% saliva
Sublingual
This gland secretes mostly mucous cells with some serous cells
Sublingual Glands
This gland opens in the submamdibular duct in the sublingual fold
Sublingual gland
How many teeth are in the primary dentition
20
How many teeth are in the secondary dentition
32
How many teeth are in each primary quad?
5
How many teeth are in a permanent quad
8
____ refers to the permanent teeth which succeed or replace the deciduous teeth
Succedaneous teeth
______ refers to the teeth which do not succeed or replace any deciduous teeth
Nonsuccedaneous teeth
Universal permanent teeth
1-32 all the way around
Universal for primary teeth
A-T all the way around
Palmer notation for primary teeth
A-E
Palmer notation for permanent teeth
1-8
________ of teeth aid in preventing disease, damage, bacterial invasion, calculus build-up, dispersing excessive occlusal trauma and biting forces, and protect the gingiva and periodontium
Curvatures
The peridontium is divided into 2 units
- Gingival unit
- Attachment unit
The gingival unit includes:
Free & attached ginigva
The attachment unit includes:
** think CAP
Cementum
Alveolar bone
Periodontal ligament PLD
_______ areas of teeth are the surfaces where teeth touch one another un the same arch
Proximal surfaces
The ______ area is the flattened portion of the tooth where it touches the tooth next to it in the same dental arch
Contact area
_______ is where the occlusal cusp of 1 tooth touches the occlusal portion of another tooth in the opposing arch
Contact Point
A
Interproximal space
B
Occlusal embrasure
The void is called
Cervical embrasure
Embrasures have the following purposes:
- Allow food to be moved away from contact areas
- Dissipate & reduce the forces of occlusal trauma
- Self cleaning
- Premit slight stimulation to gingiva from food
_______ refers to the widest, bulkiest part of the crown
Crest of curvature
The lingual height of contour for anterior teeth is at the _______ of the tooth
Cervical third of the tooth
The lingual crest of curvature for posterior teeth is at or near the _______ of the tooth
Middle third
The ______ of curvature refers to the widest part of the crown of the tooth. It is the same as the height of contour
Crest of curvature
T/F: The crest of curvature & height of contour mean the same thing, but refer to either anterior or posterior teeth
True
T/F: Crowns of anterior teeth show greater curvature of the CEJ then prosterior teeth
True
_______ is where 2 adjacent teeth don’t touch
Open contact
If the margin of a restoration extends far beyond the tooth this is known as
Overhanging restoration
The eruption pattern, facial development, and sequence in which tooth buds begin forming all contribute to the eventual relationship of the teeth and jaws- is know as
Occlusion
______ describes the relationship of the mandibular and maxillary teeth when the teeth are closed together or during excursive movements when the teeth are touching.
Occlusion
Development of occlusion begins with the eruption of
Primary teeth
T/F: Anterior teeth have less bone coverage
True
At 16 months primary ________ erupt and establish
Molars
Buccal cusps of mandibular posterior teeth interlock between the buccal & lingual cusps of maxillary teeth -
Intercuspation
PRIMARY -
Mandibular 2nd molars (distal) are situated more mesial than maxillary molars
Mesial step
PRIMARY-
2nd mandibular molars are even with each other on both arches
Flush terminal plane
PRIMARY-
2nd mand molars are situated more distal than the maxillary molars
Distal step
The largest primate spaces are found
Mesial to the max primary canines & distal to the mand canines
______ is an extra space that deciduous canines and molars occupy to help save room for their permanent successors
Leeway space
T/F: The mand continues to grow later than the max
True
______ is an abnormal alignment of the teeth in the dental arches.
Malocclusion
______ is a tooth out of alignment to the labial or buccal
Labioversion/ Buccoversion
A tooth that is overerupted, normally long relative to the rest of the occlusal surfaces
Supraeruption malocclusion
A tooth or teeth that are out of alignment in a buccal/lingual version
Crossbite malocclusion
Max incisal edges line up with touching mand incisal edges with NO vertical overlap
Edge to edge malocclusion
Balance between tongue & facial muscles allows proper ______ alignment of teeth
Horizontal
Abnormal forward thrusting of the tongue against the interior teeth can cause an
Openbite
Other factors that influence the alignment of teeth
- Mesial drift
- Size & shape of the jaws
- Shaoe of the teeth (discrepancy)
The buccal cusp tips of posterior teeth have a fairly even curve in an anterior to posterior direction known as the
Curve of spee
An occlusal curve exists for posterior teeth in a direction from right to left called the
Curve of Wilson
The mandibular posterior teeth have a tendency to top their crowns ______ & their roots ________
Lingually & laterally
When the jaws are closed, 2 possible relationships occur:
- Centric relation
- Centric occlusion
A relationship of the upper jaw to the lower jaw
A) centric relation
B) centric occlusion
Centric relation
A relationship of the maxillary teeth to the mandibular teeth
A) centric relation
B) centric occlusion
Centric occlusion
Occlusion overjet =
Vertical
Horizontal
Horizontal
Occlusion overbite =
Vertical
Horizontal
Vertical
______ is the extension of the incisal edges of the maxillary anterior teeth below the incisal edges of the mandibular anterior teeth in a vertical direction.
Overbite
If 1 or more teeth in the mandibular arch are located facial to their maxillary counterparts, this is not normal and is a condition known as
Overbite
Overlap
Crossbite
Crossbite
_______ is a condition where a crossbite of all the mandibular teeth occurs
Acromegaly
The maxilla and mandible are in normal relationships with each other.
Class I neutroclusion
Class II neutroclusion
Class III neutroclusion
Class 1neutroclusion
The mandible is retruded. (it has a distal relationship with the maxilla.)
Class I Retrognathic
Class II Retrognathic
Class III Retrognathic
Class II Retrognathic
The mandible is protruded (it has a mesial relationship with the maxilla).
Class I Prognathic
Class II Prognathic
Class III Prognathic
Class III Prognathic
Class III Prognathic
Class II Retrognathic
The mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary 1st molar is directly in line with the buccal groove of the mandibular 1st molar.
Class I relationship (neutroclusion)
exists when the buccal groove of the mandibular first molar is posterior to the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary 1st molar
Class II occlusal relationship (distoclusion)
A
Class II, Divison 1
B
Class II, divison II
exists when the buccal groove of the mandibular 1st molar is more anterior than normal to the mesiobuccal cusp of the max 1st molar
Class III occlusal relationship (mesioclusion)
lateral excursion
if one tooth hits more than the others, it becomes an interference and bears more force than the others, becoming a
premature contact area
The max first molar is tipped mesially so that it touches the mandibular 1st molar and 2nd
molars - In contact with 2
Stolarized Molars
Black’s classification of cavities:
Class I
All pit-and-fissure restorations , just occlusal surfaces
Black’s classification of cavities:
Class II
Restorations on the proximal surfaces of posterior teeth.
Black’s classification of cavities:
Class III
Restorations on the proximal surfaces of anterior teeth that do not involve the incisal angle
Black’s classification of cavities:
Class IV
Restorations on the proximal surfaces of anterior teeth that do involve the incisal edge.
Black’s classification of cavities:
Class V
Restorations on the gingival 1/3rd of the facial or lingual surfaces of all teeth (except
pit-and-fissure lesions).
What class
Class I
What class
Class II
What class
Class III
What class
Class IV
What class
Class V
