Histology - Midterm Flashcards
The smallest unit of organization in the body
The cell
Each cell has a
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Inclusions
Cells grouped together with similar characteristics of form and function
Tissue
Various tissue types are bonded together to form a
Organ
Organs that function together form a
System
An active transport of material from a vesicle within the cell out into the extracellular environment.
Exocytosis
The uptake of materials from the extracellular environment into the cell
Endocytosis
Endocytosis can take place as a _______ of the cell membrane, or can also take the form of _________
Invagination or phagocytosis
Engulfing and then digesting of solid waste and foreign material by the cell through enzymatic breakdown of the material
Phagocytosis
_______ surrounds the cell
Cell membrane
Tough and resourceful gatekeeper for the cell’s interior
Cell membrane
The usual cell membrane is in intricate bilayer, consisting mostly of _________ & _______
Phospholipids and proteins
________ serve mostly as a difussion regulator
Phospholipids
The _______ of the cell membrane serves as structural reinforcements as well as receptors for specific hormones, neurotransmitters, and antibodies.
Proteins
The ______ includes the semifluid part contained within the cell membrane boundary as well as the skeletal system of support or cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Spaces or cavities within the cytoplasm
Vacuoles
Metabolically active specialized structures within the cell
Organelles
_______ allow each cell to function according to its genetic code.
Organelles
What are the 7 major organelles of the cell
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Cytoskeleton
The largest, most dense, and most conspicuous organelle in the cell when it is examined microscopically.
Nucleus
A nucleus is found in all cells of the body except _________.
Mature red blood cells
Most cells in the body are
A) multinucleated
B) binucleated
B) binucleated
The main nucleic acid in the nucleous is ______ in the form of ________.
DNA in the form of Chromatin
_______ is a complex of DNA & protein
Chromatin
In an actively dividing cell, the chromatin condenses into a visible and discrete rod like ______.
Chromosomes
Each chromosome has a _____, a clear constricted area near the middle.
Centromere
Chromosomes become two filamentous or threadlike ________ as daughter chromosomes joined by a centromere during cell division
Chromatid
Command center of the cell
Nucleus
The nucleus is surrounded by the ________ a membrane similar to the cell membrane, except that it is double layered.
Nuclear envelope
Contained in the nucleus is the
Nucleolus
The nucleolus mostly produces
rRNA
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA
mRNA
Messenger RNA
tRNA
Transfer RNA
Without a ______, no protein synthetic activity would occur within the cell.
Nucleolus
______ are the most numerous organelles of the cell
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
_______ is a major source of ATP
Mitochondria
Most of the cell’s energy comes from the ______
Mitochondria
Stage in the life cycle when a cell grows
and forms new organelles
A) interphase
B) prophase
C) metaphase
D) anaphase
E) telophase
Interphase
______ consists of 3 phases : G1, S, & G2
A) interphase
B) prophase
C) metaphase
D) anaphase
E) telophase
Interphase
Continuous process during which the nuclear parts of a cell are divided into two equal daughter cells
Mitosis
Nuclear membrane and
nucleolus disappear.
A) interphase
B) prophase
C) metaphase
D) anaphase
E) telophase
Prophase
Chromosomes align at the equator of the spindle
A) interphase
B) prophase
C) metaphase
D) anaphase
E) telophase
Metaphase
Centromeres split, and each chromosome
separates into 2 chromatids.
Chromatids migrate to opposite poles by the
mitotic spindle
A) interphase
B) prophase
C) metaphase
D) anaphase
E) telophase
Anaphase
Division into 2 daughter cells.
Nucleoli appear. Microtubules disappear
A) interphase
B) prophase
C) metaphase
D) anaphase
E) telophase
Telophase
Process by which all cytoplasmic components of the cell are divided into two identical daughter cells following mitosis.
Cytokinesis/ cytoplasmic division
_______ is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type.
Differentiation
Life cycle of a cell
- Interphase (DNA replication)
- Mitosis (Cell Division)
- Cytokinesis (Cytoplasmic Division)
- Differentiation
Tiny sphere shaped organelles in the cell
Ribosomes
Protein factories
Ribosomes
Primary function:
modification, storage, segregation, and transport of proteins that the cell manufactures.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
________ consists of parallel membrane-bound channels.
Endoplasmic Reticulum ER
Highway system of the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Contains ribosomes on its outer surface
Rough ER
Particles composed of protein and RNA, which synthesizes protein
Ribosomes
No ribosomes
Smooth ER
This organelle contains enzymes involved in manufacturing various lipid molecules and steroid hormones
Smooth ER
“Chemical processing and packaging center”
Golgi apparatus
The second largest organelle
Golgi apparatus
Function: sorts, condenses, packages, and delivers proteins from the RER.
Golgi apparatus
Attached to the cell’s membrane and release its contents by exocytosis
Golgi apparatus
“Powerhouse” of the cell
Mitochondria
The inner membrane of the mitochondria is folded to increase in surface area forming _____.
cristae
Most numerous organelle in the cell
Mitochondria
Releases energy from food molecules and transforms energy into ATP
Mitochondria
The golgi apparatus not only prepares proteins for export by exocytosis but also produces a second organelle ___________
Lysozome
Organelles produced by the golgi apparatus and extracellular digestion by the cell
Lysosomes
“Sewer system” of the cell
Lysosomes
Membranous sacks produced by the Golgi
Apparatus.
Lysosomes
Contains hydrolytic (hyaluronidase) and
digestive enzymes capable of digesting substances that enter cells.
Lysosomes
The ___________ compartmentalizes
(sorts out) the cytoplasm, creating preferred
“freeways” for the movement of molecules
formed by cellular processes.
Cytoskeleton
Components of the _______ give basic stability to the cell as a whole, functioning like reinforced girders.
Cytoskeleton
3 components of the cytoskeleton
–microfilaments
–intermediate filaments
–microtubules
Delicate, threadlike, microscopic structures of
specialized protein, arranged in meshwork of bundles.
A) microfilaments
B) intermediate filaments
C) microtubules
Microfilaments
Cause various kinds of cellular movements
A) microfilaments
B) intermediate filaments
C) microtubules
Microfilaments
Responsible for cell motility
A) microfilaments
B) intermediate filaments
C) microtubules
Microfilaments
Long slender tubes with diameters 2 or 3 times greater than microfilaments.
A) microfilaments
B) intermediate filaments
C) microtubules
Microtubules
maintain the shape of the cell.
A) microfilaments
B) intermediate filaments
C) microtubules
Microtubules
Provides strength to the structure of:
– cilia (shorter, many)
– flagella (longer, few)
– centrioles
– mitotic spindle
A) microfilaments
B) intermediate filaments
C) microtubules
Microtubules
Various types of thicker, threadlike microscopic structures within the cell.
A) microfilaments
B) intermediate filaments
C) microtubules
Intermediate filaments
important in intercellular junctions
Intermediate filaments - Tonofilaments
Metabolically inert substances that are transient over time in the cell.
Inclusions
Closes intercellular space between cells by
fusing cell membranes together
A) Tight junctions
B) Gap junction
Tight junctions
Prevents the movement or loss of fluid.
A) Tight junctions
B) Gap junction
Tight junctions
Form tubular channels between cells that allow substances to be exchanged
A) Tight junctions
B) Gap junctions
Gap junctions
Bind cells together by creating “spot welds”
between adjacent membranes.
a) desmosomes
B) hemidesmosomes
Desmosomes
Attachment of cell to an adjacent
non-cellular surface.
a) desmosomes
B) hemidesmosomes
Hemidesmosomes
Used in attachment of epithelium to connective tissue
a) desmosomes
B) hemidesmosomes
Hemidesmosomes
Allows gingival tissue to adhere to the tooth surface by epithelial attachment.
a) desmosomes
B) hemidesmosomes
Hemidesmosomes
______ is the tissue that covers and lines external and internal body surfaces, including vessels & small cavities.
A) epithelial
B) connective
C) Muscle
D) Nerve
Epithelial
______ tissue serves as a protective covering as well as tissue absorption, secretion, sensory, and other specialized functions
A) epithelial
B) connective
C) Muscle
D) Nerve
Epithelial
Study of the microscopic structure
and function of tissues
Histology
Protects complex inner structures from:
- physical, chemical, and pathogenic attacks
- dehydration
- heat loss
A) epithelial
B) connective
C) Muscle
D) Nerve
Epithelial
T/F: Depending on individual classification, epithelial tissue can be derived from any of the three embryonic cell layers based on the location when developing.
True
Both the epithelium of the skin and that of the oral mucosa are of similar _________ origin.
A) Ectoderm
B) Mesoderm
C) Endoderm
Ectoderm
respiratory and digestive tract
A) Ectoderm
B) Mesoderm
C) Endoderm
Endoderm
urinary tract
A) Ectoderm
B) Mesoderm
C) Endoderm
Mesoderm
Cells packed closely together; surrounded by very little or no intercellular substance or tissue fluid.
A) epithelial
B) connective
C) Muscle
D) Nerve
Epithelial
Avascular; no blood supply of its own
A) epithelial
B) connective
C) Muscle
D) Nerve
Epithelial tissue
How does epithelium receive cellular nutrition
obtained by diffusion from the connective tissue
Epithelial cells are: tightly joined together by:
Desmosomes
Epithelial cells are: joined to basement
membrane by
Hemidesmosomes
Label 1
Connective tissue
Label 2
Basil lamina
Label 3
Hemidesmisome
Label 4
Epithelial cells
Label 5
Desmosome
Simple epithelium consists of a
Single layer of epithelium
Endothelium
This simple squamous epithelium lining of vessels and serous cavities (surround organs) is called
Endothelium
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Transitional relaxed
Transitional stretched
Stratified squamous
Pseudostratified
Cells are flat, arranged in one layer
Simple squamous
Be proud of yourself
It will all pay off.
These epithelial cells cover connective tissue & and perform a filtering function
Simple squamous
Lungs, inner & middle ear, blood and lymphatic vessels , heart & serous cavities are locations of what epithelium
Simple squamous
Contributes to secretion & protective covering of an organ
- Simple Squamous
- Simple Cuboidal
- Simple Columnar: Ciliated or non-ciliated
- Pdeudostratified
Simple cuboidal
Cube-like cells; Nucleus is in the center
of the cell
- Simple Squamous
- Simple Cuboidal
- Simple Columnar: Ciliated or non-ciliated
- Pdeudostratified
Simple cuboidal
These cells line the ducts of various glands, such as ducts of the salivary glands
- Simple Squamous
- Simple Cuboidal
- Simple Columnar: Ciliated or non-ciliated
- Pdeudostratified
Simple cuboidal
Function:
protection, secretion/absorption due to
goblet cells
- Simple Squamous
- Simple Cuboidal
- Simple Columnar: Ciliated or non-ciliated
- Pdeudostratified
Simple columnar
T/F: Simple columnar epithelium may be ciliated
True
The following are locations of what type of epithelium
- Stomach
- Large/small intestine
- Lining of cervical canal
- Simple Squamous
- Simple Cuboidal
- Simple Columnar: Ciliated
- Simple Columnar: non-ciliated
- Pdeudostratified
Simple columnar: non-ciliated
The following are locations of what type of epithelium
- uterus
- fallopian tubes
- ductus deferens (male reproductive)
- small intra-pulmonary bronchi (lungs)
- Simple Squamous
- Simple Cuboidal
- Simple Columnar: Ciliated
- Simple Columnar: non-ciliated
- Pdeudostratified
Simple columnar: Ciliated
Crowded columnar cells; Nuclei are at different levels.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
This epithelium moistens, warms, and cleans lining membranes.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
T/F: Pseudostratified columnar
epithelium may be ciliated or non-ciliated
True
The following are locations of what type of epithelium
-Upper respiratory tract including
nasal cavity and paranasal
sinuses
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Many layers of cells on an irregular
basal layer with no layer of keratin.
Stratified squamous NON-keratinized epithelium
7 Locations of Stratified squamous NON-keratinized epithelium
- Buccal and alveolar mucosa
- Ventral of tongue
- Soft palate
- Floor of the mouth
- Sulcular epithelium
- Esophagus
- Cornea
This type of epithelium is located on dry or wet surfaces.Has a keratin layer for protection
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium is composed of what 5 layers
(bae said grandma loved cuddling)
- Stratum basale
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum corneum
6 Locations of Stratified squamous Keratinized epithelium
- Skin
- Free gingiva (outside only)
- Attached gingiva
- Hard palate
- Dorsal side of tongue
- Lips
Label 1
Hypodermis
Label 2
Dermis
Label 3
Epidermis
Label 4
Stratum corneum
Label 5
Stratum granulosum
Label 6
Stratum sponosum
Label 7
Stratum basale
Shape of the surface cells changes depending on the degree of stretch in this epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Cells are soft, pliable, and loosely arranged in this epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Location of transitional epithelium
Urinary bladder
Thin, acellular structure.
Located between the epithelium and connective tissue
Basement membrane
T/F: Transitional epithelium ranges between stratified squamous
non-keratinized and stratified columnar epithelium
True
What 3 layers make up the basement membrane?
- Lamina lucida
- Lamina densa
- Reticular lamina
What 2 layers make up the basal lamina
- Lamina lucida
- Lamina densa
Label a
Tonofilaments
Label b
Hemidesmosome
Label c
Lamina lucida
Label d
Lamina densa
Label e
Basement membrane
Label f
Basal lamina
Label g
Reticular lamina
Label h
Connective tissue
Label i
Epithelium
3 Major cells of connective tissue
- Fibroblasts
- Macrophages (monocytes)
- Mast cells (basophils)
Function as phagocytes & important in fighting infections
- Fibroblasts
- Macrophages (monocytes)
- Mast cells (basophils)
Macrophages (monocytes)
Most common cell in all connective tissue
- Fibroblasts
- Macrophages (monocytes)
- Mast cells (basophils)
Fibroblasts
Synthesize certain types of protein fibres & intercellular substances needed to sustain the connective tissue
- Fibroblasts
- Macrophages (monocytes)
- Mast cells (basophils)
Fibroblasts
T/F: Fibroblasts are fixed cells and do not leave tissue
True
Involved in allergic responses; may release heparin & histamines
- Fibroblasts
- Macrophages (monocytes)
- Mast cells (basophils)
Mast cells ( basophils)
Most common WBC
- Fibroblasts
- Macrophages (monocytes)
- Mast cells (basophils)
Macrophages (monocytes)
This tissue serves many functions depending on the type;
connects, supports, protects, provides
frameworks, fills spaces, stores fat,
produces blood cells, provides
protection against infection and helps
repair tissues
Connective tissue
Cells are some distance apart and have lots of matrix between them
a) Epithelial tissue
b) Connective tissue
Connective tissue
Composed of collagen and have great
tensile strength; bind parts together
- Collagenous fibers
- Elastic fibers
- Reticular fibers
Collagenous
3 types of connective tissue fibers
- Collagenous fibers
- Elastic fibers
- Reticular fibers
Composed of microfilaments embedded in protein elastin.
This tissue has the ability to stretch and return to its original shape.
- Collagenous fibers
- Elastic fibers
- Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers
Delicate network of interwoven reticular
fibres forming a supportive framework
- Collagenous fibers
- Elastic fibers
- Reticular fibers
Reticular fibers
Forms thin membranes between organs and binds them together.
Serves as protective padding for the deeper structures of the body
- LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- FIBOROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- ADIPOSE TISSUE
- ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- CARTILAGE
- BONE
- HEMOPOETIC TISSUE
Loose connective tissue
Location: beneath the skin (dermis) and between muscles.
- LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- FIBOROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- ADIPOSE TISSUE
loose connective tissue
Stores fat. Protective cushion and heat
insulator. Cells packed tightly together
- LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- FIBOROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- ADIPOSE TISSUE
- ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- CARTILAGE
- BONE
- HEMOPOETIC TISSUE
Adipose tissue
Location:
‒ beneath the skin
‒ abdominal membranes
‒ oral cavity
‒ around the kidneys
‒ heart
‒ various joints
- LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- FIBOROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- ADIPOSE TISSUE
- ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- CARTILAGE
- BONE
- HEMOPOETIC TISSUE
Adipose tissue
Location:
- Tendons
- Ligaments
- Eyes
- Skin
- Fiberous CT
- Elastic CT
- Reticular CT
Fiberous CT
Location:
-Walls of some hollow internal organs
- Vocal cords
- Fiberous CT
- Elastic CT
- Reticular CT
Elastic
Location:
- Blood vessels
- Liver
- Spleen
- Lymphatic organs
- Fiberous CT
- Elastic CT
- Reticular CT
Reticular CT
Provides support/framework, decreases friction.
Intercellular materials are composed collagen fibers and intercellular substance.
Lacks direct blood supply, slow to heal.
- LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- FIBOROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- ADIPOSE TISSUE
- ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- CARTILAGE
- BONE
- HEMOPOETIC TISSUE
Cartialge
The connective tissue surrounding most cartilage is the _________, a fibrous connective tissue sheath containing blood vessels.
perichondrium
2 Types of cells found in Cartilage:
- Chondroblasts
- Chondrocytes
produce cartilage matrix, lie internal to
the perichondrium.
- Chondroblasts
- Chondrocytes
Chondroblasts
Maintain the cartilage matrix
- Chondroblasts
- Chondrocytes
Chondrocytes
small spaces surround the chondrocyte within matrix
Lacuna
3 main types of cartilage
- Hyaline
- Elastic
- Fibercarilage
T/F: Chondrocytes are mature chondroblasts
True
T/F: All cartilage begins as hyaline cartilage then modifies into other types as needed.
True
embryonic skeleton and growth centers,
mandibular condyle -
nose , ear
- Hyaline
- Elastic
- Fibercarilage
Hyaline
Rigid connective tissue.
Intercellular matrix contains mineral salts and collagen.
Produces blood cells and stores
calcium/other minerals.
- LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- FIBOROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- ADIPOSE TISSUE
- ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- CARTILAGE
- BONE
- HEMOPOETIC TISSUE
Bone
4 types of bone cells
- Osteogenic
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts
Stem cells of bone
- Osteogenic
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts
Osteogenic cells
Bone building cells
- Osteogenic cells
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Bone maintaining cells trapped in the bone matrix
- Osteogenic cells
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Bone crushing /resorbing cells
- Osteogenic
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts
Osteoclasts
Label a
Osteiod
Label b
Periosteum
Label c
Osteoblasts
Label d
Newly mineralized bone
Label e
Octeocyte in its lacuna
Label f
Cancaliculi
Label g
Lamella
Label h
Haversain Canal
T/F: Bone tissue heals rapidly, highly vascularized
True
The unit of structure in compact bone
and consists of 5 to 20 lamellae
- Osteon
- Harversian canal
- Volkmann canal
- Lamella
- Lacuna
- Canaliculi
- Sharpey’s fibers
- Periosteum
Osteon
Central vascular canal within each
osteon surrounded by the lamellae
- Harversian canal
- Volkmann canal
Harversain canal
Runs longitudinally and that contains
nerves and blood vessels.
- Osteon
- Harversian canal
- Volkmann canal
Harversain canal
Provides nutrition to the bone
- Harversian canal
- Volkmann canal
- Periosteum
Harversain canal
runs obliquely or at right angles to the
Haversian canals of the osteons and
large blood vessels
- Osteon
- Harversian canal
- Volkmann canal
- Lamella
- Lacuna
- Canaliculi
- Sharpey’s fibers
- Periosteum
Volkmann canal
Organized arrangement of concentric
sheets (like the growth rings in a cross
section of a tree)
- Osteon
- Harversian canal
- Volkmann canal
- Lamella
- Lacuna
- Canaliculi
- Sharpey’s fibers
- Periosteum
Lamella
Spaces between lamellae (sheets) where osteocytes are imbedded
- Osteon
- Harversian canal
- Volkmann canal
- Lamella
- Lacuna
- Canaliculi
- Sharpey’s fibers
- Periosteum
Lacuna
Tubular canals radiating from the lacuna into the lamella where cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes are located.
- Osteon
- Harversian canal
- Volkmann canal
- Lamella
- Lacuna
- Canaliculi
- Sharpey’s fibers
- Periosteum
Canaliculi
Serve to anchor periosteum firmly to bone
- Osteon
- Harversian canal
- Volkmann canal
- Lamella
- Lacuna
- Canaliculi
- Sharpey’s fibers
- Periosteum
Sharpeys fibers
Double layered, dense connective tissue sheath, outer layer contains blood vessels and nerves and inner layer
contains single layer of osteoblasts (bone growth)
- Osteon
- Harversian canal
- Volkmann canal
- Lamella
- Lacuna
- Canaliculi
- Sharpey’s fibers
- Periosteum
Periosteum
Ossification
Development of bone
Formation of osteoid (young, unmineralized bone) within 2 dense connective tissue sheets, which eventually replaces the outer connective tissue. Uses appositional growth (layers).
1) INTRAMEMBRANOUS
2) ENDOCHONDRAL
1) INTRAMEMBRANOUS
Formation of osteoid within a hyaline cartilage. Uses interstitial growth from pre-existing cartilaginous model, later appositional growth of osteoid occurs to complete the process.
1) INTRAMEMBRANOUS
2) ENDOCHONDRAL
2) ENDOCHONDRAL
Occurs in fontanelles (soft infant skull spots), maxilla, majority of the mandible
1) INTRAMEMBRANOUS
2) ENDOCHONDRAL
1) INTRAMEMBRANOUS
Occurs in long bones (it is how we grow taller), vertebrae, ribs, head of mandible, base of skull
1) INTRAMEMBRANOUS
2) ENDOCHONDRAL
2) ENDOCHONDRAL
Hema/o =
Blood
Red and white blood cells in plasma –
where are they made?
Bone marrow
Biconcave disc, no nucleus, 1/3 is hemoglobin. Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
a) Red blood cells
b) Platelets
c) White blood cells (leukocytes)
RBC
no nucleus, disc shaped.Helps control blood loss from broken vessels by functioning in clotting mechanism.
a) Red blood cells
b) Platelets
c) White blood cells (leukocytes)
Platelets
You got this.
Keep going
T/F: WHITE BLOOD CELL (LEUKOCYTE) - have a nucleus
True
destroys small particles by phagocytosis, 1st to arrive to the site of injury, acute, inflammatory response is triggered, especially with phagocytosis.
a) Neutrophil (PMNs)
b) Eosinophil
c) Basophil
c) Monocytes
d) Lymphocytes
e) Mast cells
Neutrophils
kills bacteria and helps control inflammation and allergic reactions
a) Neutrophil (PMNs)
b) Eosinophil
c) Basophil
c) Monocytes
d) Lymphocytes
e) Mast cells
Eosinophils
helps control inflammation and allergic reactions.
a) Neutrophil (PMNs)
b) Eosinophil
c) Mast cells (Basophil)
c) Monocytes
d) Lymphocytes
Basophils
contains lysosomal enzymes involved in destroying particles by phagocytosis, later stages of inflammation.
a) Neutrophil (PMNs)
b) Eosinophil
c) Basophil
c) Monocytes
d) Lymphocytes
e) Mast cells
Monocytes
mechanism of immunity, chronic. B cells, T cells and NK cells (natural killers)
a) Neutrophil (PMNs)
b) Eosinophil
c) Basophil
c) Monocytes
d) Lymphocytes
e) Mast cells
Lymphocytes
allergic response, contains heparin and histamine
a) Neutrophil (PMNs)
b) Eosinophil
c) Basophil
c) Monocytes
d) Lymphocytes
e) Mast cells
Mast cells
Found in the brain, spinal cord and
peripheral nerves.
- Connective tissue
- Epithelial tissue
- Nerve tissue
- Muscle tissue
Nerve tissue
Processes that lead
impulses to the cell body.
- Dendrite
- Axon
- Body
Dendrite
Process that leads impulses away from the cell body.
- Dendrite
- Axon
- Body
Axon
Metabolic activity of the cell, no
impulse transmission
- Dendrite
- Axon
- Body
Body
Neural processes in the peripheral nervous system
- Nerve
- Synapse
- Ganglion
Nerve
Neural impulses between 2 neurons or a neuron and an effector organ (muscle or a gland).
- Nerve
- Synapse
- Ganglion
Synapse
Aggregation (grouping) of
neuron cell bodies outside the CNS
- Nerve
- Synapse
- Ganglion
Ganglion
Cell of the nervous system; They function in coordinating and regulating
body activities
Neuron
(SENSORY) NERVE:
Carries information from the PNS to the CNS (like pain and taste)
a) Afferent
b) Efferent
Afferent
(MOTOR) NERVE (AUTONOMIC):
Carries information from the CNS to the PNS
a) Afferent
b) Efferent
Efferent
A structure that produces a secretion to regulate body’s normal functioning
Gland
A gland with a duct that releases secretions, such as sweat or saliva directly to target areas.
a) Endocrine
b) Exocrine
Exocrine
A ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream.
a) Endocrine
b) Exocrine
Endocrine
Largest endocrine gland, very
vascular
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland consists of 2 large lobes connected by an ______ in the
middle
isthmus
Secretes hormones (thyroxine)
that control and regulate
metabolism and growth
Thyroid gland
Where is the thyroid located?
Located below the larynx on
either side and in front of the
trachea.
thyroxine
Control and regulate
metabolism and growth
T/F: The thyroid gland is visible during an extraoral exam.
False. It is not visible
connective tissue that surrounds the thyroid
a) Capsule
b) Septum
c) Lobules
d) Follicles
e) Colloid
Capsule
separates the gland into larger
lobes and smaller lobules.
a) Capsule
b) Septum
c) Lobules
d) Follicles
e) Colloid
Septum
composed of follicles; irregularly shaped sphere-like masses that are embedded in a meshwork of reticular fibres
a) Capsule
b) Septum
c) Lobules
d) Follicles
e) Colloid
Lobules
a cavity filled with colloid, layered with
simple cuboidal epithelium
a) Capsule
b) Septum
c) Lobules
d) Follicles
e) Colloid
Follicles
a stiff material reserved for the future
production of thyroxin
a) Capsule
b) Septum
c) Lobules
d) Follicles
e) Colloid
Colloid
Label a
- Capsule
- Septum
- Follicles
- Colloid
- thyroid epithelium
Thyroid epithelium
Label b
- Capsule
- Septum
- Lobules
- Follicles
- Colloid
Colloid
Label c
- Capsule
- Septum
- Lobules
- Follicles
- Colloid
Capsule
Label d
- Capsule
- Septum
- Lobules
- Follicles
- Colloid
Follicle
Label e
- Capsule
- Septum
- Lobules
- Follicles
- Colloid
Septum
Exophthalmos & goiter are:
Thyroid disorders
Consist of 4 to 8 small endocrine glands, two on each side, close to the thyroid gland or even inside it on its posterior surface and are not visible or palpable during an extra oral examination
Parathyroid gland
Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate calcium and phosphorus levels =
a) Endocrine
b) Exocrine
Endocrine
Parathyroid glands
Label a
Ithmus
Label b
Right lobe of thyroid gland
Label c
Left lobe of thyroid gland
This system is a part of the immune system, which helps defend the body against disease.
Lympatic system
This system transports excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream
Lympatic system
WHAT IS IT?
Tissue fluid that drains from
surrounding region into lymphatic vessels
Lymph
WHATS ITS FUNCTION
_________ transports foreign particles to the lymph nodes and returns protein molecules into the bloodstream
Lymph
microscopic close-ended tubes that
extend into interstitial space, receive
lymph through their walls.
Lymphatic capillaries
The lymphatic system is closely related to the cardiovascular system - Why?
Transports excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream
have walls similar to veins
(endothelium), and valves to prevent
backflow of lymph (one-way valves).
Lymphatic vessles
lymphatic trunks drain lymph from
large body regions and lead to two
collecting ducts in the thorax.
The collecting ducts join the subclavian
veins.
Lymphatic trunks & collecting ducts
WHAT ARE THEY
Bean-shaped bodies grouped in clusters along the lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
these cells filter toxic products from the lymph to prevent entry into the
vascular system
Lymph nodes
Label a
Lymph flow
Label b
Afferent lymphatic vessel
Label c
Nodule
Label d
Efferent lymphatic vessel
Label e
Hilum /Hilus
Label f
Capsule
Lymph flows into the lymph nodes
through ________
a) afferent vessels
b) efferent vessels
Afferent vessels
Lymph flows out of the lymph node
through _________
a) afferent vessels
b) efferent vessels
efferent vessels
Lymph flows out of the lymph node
through efferent vessels where a
small depression, called the _______, is
present
Hilum/hilus
a -
extensions of connective tissue from the capsule into the node that divide the node into nodules or follicles
Trabeculae
b-
the middle of each nodule where masses of immature lymphocytes mature into B-cells and aid in the production of plasma cells
Germinal center
c-
a band of connective tissue surrounding the node
Capsule
Each node is composed of
__________ & __________ which actively filter toxic products from the lymph
lymphocytes and macrophages
They occur in groups or chains along the paths of larger lymphatic vessels.
Lymph nodes
Where are 3 places you can mainly find lymph nodes
- Neck
- Armpit
- Groin
Label a
- PALATINE TONSILS
- LINGUAL TONSILS
- PHARYGEAL TONSILS
Pharygeal tonsils
Label b
- PALATINE TONSILS
- LINGUAL TONSILS
- PHARYGEAL TONSILS
Palatine tonsils
Label c
- PALATINE TONSILS
- LINGUAL TONSILS
- PHARYGEAL TONSILS
Lingual tonsils
Between anterior and posterior faucial
pillars.
Fused together lymphatic nodules.
Has tonsillar crypts
- PALATINE TONSILS
- LINGUAL TONSILS
- PHARYGEAL TONSILS
Palatine tonsils
Located on the base of the dorsal
tongue, behind circumvallate papillae
- PALATINE TONSILS
- LINGUAL TONSILS
- PHARYGEAL TONSILS
Lingual tonsils
Behind uvula, on the superior and
posterior walls of the nasopharynx
forming Waldeyerʼs ring
- PALATINE TONSILS
- LINGUAL TONSILS
- PHARYGEAL TONSILS
Pharygeal tonsils
incomplete ring of tissue called
Waldeyer’s ring
If pharygeal tonsils become enlarged
(usually in children), they
are referred to as
adenoids
What part of the NASAL CAVITY is made up of bone and cartilage.
Nasal septum
NASAL CAVITY
3 bony structures that project inward
Conchae
The nasal cavity is lined by
_____________________
epithelium aka RESPIRATORY
MUCOSA - this epithelium has goblet cells –why?
ciliated pseudostratified columnar
To secrete mucin
NASAL CAVITY
secrete mucin to moisten and humidify the nasal cavity and trap foreign materials.
Goblet cells
NASAL CAVITY
trap and move foreign materials to either be swallowed or expelled.
Cilia
NASAL CAVITY
is very vascular and warms the air we breath
Lamina propria
______ mucosa is a specialized area that caries receptors for the sense of smell.
Olfactory mucosa
covers each of the conchae and is responsible for great engorgement (fills with blood) of one of the openings
every 30 - 60 mins to allow the tissue to recover from dryness caused by breathing.
Erectile tissue
4 types of paranasal sinuses
- Frontal
- Ethmoidal
- Sphenoidal
- Maxillary
Label a
- Frontal
- Ethmoidal
- Sphenoidal
- Maxillary
Frontal
Label b
- Frontal
- Ethmoidal
- Sphenoidal
- Maxillary
Ethmoidal
Label c
- Frontal
- Ethmoidal
- Sphenoidal
- Maxillary
Sphenoidal
Label d
- Frontal
- Ethmoidal
- Sphenoidal
- Maxillary
Maxillary
Function: lighten the scull bones, add resonance to the voice, moisten the nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Secretions are emptied directly into location where it is being used via a duct
a) endocrine
b) exocrine
Exocrine
Exocrine glands are classified into 4 characteristics
- Duct system
- Shape of secretory unit
- Mode of secretion
- Nature of secretion
one duct which does not branch
a) simple
b) compound
Simple
branching of a duct where the secretory
unit empties into small ducts and
these join to form larger ones
a) simple
b) compound
compound
a-
Simple or Compound
simple
b-
a) simple
b) compound
compound
secrete product through free
surface, no loss of cytoplasm/cell
(through exocytosis).
a) Merocrine
b) Apocrine
c) Holocrine
Merocrine
secrete small amounts of cytoplasm/cell with secretory product
a) Merocrine
b) Apocrine
c) Holocrine
Apocrine
entire cells are discharged as secretion:
a) Merocrine
b) Apocrine
c) Holocrine
Holocrine
a) Merocrine
b) Apocrine
c) Holocrine
Apocrine
a) Merocrine
b) Apocrine
c) Holocrine
Merocrine
a) Merocrine
b) Apocrine
c) Holocrine
Holocrine
clear, watery with protein.
contains digestive enzyme amylase
(carbohydrates digestion)
A) Serous
B) Mucous
C) Mixed
Serous
cloudy, mucin (glycoproteins) with water.
A) Serous
B) Mucous
C) Mixed
Mucous
Label a
- Capsule
- Lobes
- Lobules
- Septa
- Duct system
- Acini
Capsule
Label b
- Capsule
- Lobes
- Lobules
- Septa
- Duct system
- Acini
Lobes
Label c
- Capsule
- Lobes
- Lobules
- Septa
- Duct system
- Acini
Lobules
Label d
- Capsule
- Lobes
- Lobules
- Septa
- Duct system
- Acini
Septa
Label e
- Capsule
- Lobes
- Lobules
- Septa
- Duct system
- Acini
Acini
Label f
- Capsule
- Lobes
- Lobules
- Septa
- Duct system
- Acini
Duct system
a
INTERCALATED DUCTS
STRIATED DUCTS
EXCRETORY/SECRETORY DUCTS
Intercalated ducts
b
INTERCALATED DUCTS
STRIATED DUCTS
EXCRETORY/SECRETORY DUCTS
Striated ducts
c
INTERCALATED DUCTS
STRIATED DUCTS
EXCRETORY/SECRETORY DUCTS
Excretory duct
attached to acinus
lined with simple cuboidal epithelium
passageway for saliva
INTERCALATED DUCTS
STRIATED DUCTS
EXCRETORY/SECRETORY DUCTS
Intercalated ducts
connected to intercalated ducts
lined with simple columnar epithelium
cells may have basal striations (mitochondria)
serve as passageway for saliva
cells resorb and excrete electrolytes
INTERCALATED DUCTS
STRIATED DUCTS
EXCRETORY/SECRETORY DUCTS
Striated ducts
serves as passageway for saliva starts as pseudostratified columnar epithelium changes to stratified cuboidal and ends as stratified squamous epithelium in oral cavity
INTERCALATED DUCTS
STRIATED DUCTS
EXCRETORY/SECRETORY DUCTS
Excretory ducts
________ glands carry their secretion by a main duct
and secrete approximately 90% of the
saliva.
a) major
b) minor
Major
Major salivary glands
Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual
Minor salivary glands
Labial, buccal, palatine, lingual, von Ebner’s
______ glands empty their products by short ducts
a) major
b) minor
Minor
Major and minor salivary gland are both
composed of either serous or
mucous cells or a combination of both
called __________
serous demilunes
T/F: The functional unit of the salivary gland is the alveolus or acinus
True
A-
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
Paratid gland
Sublingual gland
B
Paratid gland
C-
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
Paratid gland
Submandibular
Paratid gland = _____ duct
Stenson’s Duct
Submandibular gland = _____ duct
Wharton’s Duct
Sublingual gland = _____ duct
Bartholin’s Duct
long intercalated ducts and short
striated
Stenson’s Duct
Wharton’s Duct
Bartholin’s Duct
Stensons duct
short intercalated ducts and long
striated ducts
Stenson’s Duct
Wharton’s Duct
Bartholin’s Duct
Whartons duct
MAINLY SEROUS ~25%
a) Submandibular gland
b) Sublingual gland
c) Paratid gland
Paratid gland
MIXED SEROUS DEMILUNE
~60% - 65%
a) Submandibular gland
b) Sublingual gland
c) Paratid gland
Submandibular
Mainly MUCOUS
~10%
a) Submandibular gland
b) Sublingual gland
c) Paratid gland
Sublingual
Where are all the minor salivary glands?
- Labial of the Inner lips
- Buccal of the cheeks
- Palatine of hard and soft palate
- Lingual Von Ebner’s Salivary glands
Where are Von Ebner’s Salivary glands
Posterior dorsum tongue
(circumvallate papillae)
_____ mls of saliva produced daily
640
Function for saliva is to :
- Moistening
- Digestion (by amylase)
- Cleaning
- Swallowing
- Speech
- Aids in remineralization by calcium
and phosphorous content - Regulates pH (buffering ability)
salivary stones, blocks salivary flow; can cause a ranula to form
Sialolith
Ranula
ectopic (misplaced) sebaceous glands
Fordyce Granules
accumulation of saliva in mucosa due to trauma to minor salivary duct
Mucocele
Dry mouth
Xerostomia
Oral Mucosa is composed of what type of epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
T/F: The basement membrane lies between the epithelium and lamina propria in the oral mucosa
True
3 main types of oral mucosa
Lining
Masticatory
Specialized
Lining Mucosa: _____________________ epithelium
non-keratinized stratified squamous
Lining mucosa is found :
- floor of the mouth
- buccal, labial, alveolar mucousa
- ventral of tongue
- soft palate
What is the difference between parakeratinized and orthokeratinized
Parakeratinized has a nuceli
Orthokertinized does not have a nucleus
Masticatory mucosa is found :
- Attached gingiva
- Dorsal of the tongue
- Hard palate
A thick muscular organ that
occupies the floor of the mouth and
fills the oral cavity
The tongue
What is the tongue composed of
Body - skeletal muscle.
Root - anchored to the hyoid bone and is covered with lingual tonsils.
What is the function of the lingual
papillae
Papillae provide friction for handling
food and contain taste buds
What connects tongue to floor of the
mouth?
anchored to the hyoid bone
A person’s whose lingual frenum is short
ankyloglossia
4 types of papillae:
- Filiform
- Fungiform
- Foliate
- Circumvallate
Make up the majority. No taste buds.
They look like fine pointed cones
- Filiform
- Fungiform
- Foliate
- Circumvallate
Filiform
Appear as reddish dots on the tongue.
Mushroom shaped.
Function in taste sensation.
- Filiform
- Fungiform
- Foliate
- Circumvallate
Fungiform
4-11 vertical, parallel ridges.
Location: lateral posterior surface.
Function: taste sensation
- Filiform
- Fungiform
- Foliate
- Circumvallate
Foliate
Location: along a v-shaped sulcus
between the body and the base of the
tongue. Function: Taste sensation
Has a surrounding groove where the
ducts and minor salivary glands are
located (Von Ebner’s glands)
- Filiform
- Fungiform
- Foliate
- Circumvallate
Circumvallate
watery secretions wash the tongue so new tastes can be perceived
Von Ebner’s glands
Microscopic barrel shaped bodies derived from epithelium, composed
of 30 to 80 spindle shaped cells.
Dissolved molecules of food contact the taste receptors at the taste
pore
Taste buds
Where are taste buds located?
Found in the oral epithelium, mainly the tongue but some on soft palate
What are the 4 main tastes:
- sweet, sour, salty, and bitter
Linea alba
Nicotine stomatitis
Hyperkeratosis (frictional keratosis)
What type of epithelium lines the blood & lymphatic vessels, heart & serous cavities.
Simple squamous
What type of epithelium lines the ducts of various glands, such as the ducts of the salivary glands
Simple cuboidal epithelium
What type of epithelium lines the upper respiratory tract, including the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Which epithelium does most of the body consist of
Stratified squamous epithelium
What is the turnover time for oral mucosa
14 days
What is the turnover time for skin
27 days
Your great
The connective tissue surrounding most cartilage is the
Perichondrium
________ is a fiberous connective tissue sheath containing blood vessels
Perichondrium
Lay internal to the perichondrium and produce cartilage matrix
Chondroblasts
Maintain the cartilage matrix
Chondrocytes
After the production of cartilage matrix, the chondrocyte becomes surrounded and enclosed by the matrix. Only a small space surrounds the chondrocyte within the cartilage matrix is called the _______
Lacuna
Overgrowth of mostly interproximal gingiva
Gingival hyperplasia
