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FRCR Part 1 Physics > Radiology Cafe Appendix (Erin) > Flashcards

Radiology Cafe Appendix (Erin) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the equation for maximum number of electrons in a shell?

A

2n2 (n = shell number)

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2
Q

What is the equation for Intensity (E) of a photon

A

E= hf (h = planks constant)

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3
Q

As frequency increases what happens to the energy of a photon

A

Increases

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4
Q

What is the equation for intensity relative to distance

A

1 / d2 (d = distance)

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5
Q

What is the equation for photoelectric LAC

A

Photoelectric LAC = ρZ3 / E3 (ρ = density, Z = atomic number, E = energy)

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6
Q

What is the equation for Compton LAC

A

Compton LAC = ρ / E

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7
Q

What is the equation for Mass attenuation coefficient

A

LAC/p

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8
Q

What is the equation for the linear attenuation coefficient

A

Linear attenuation coefficient (LAC, cm-1) = 0.693 / HVL

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9
Q

What is the equation for factor of reduction relating to HVL

A

Factor of reduction = 2HVL (HVL = half value layer)

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10
Q

What colour of light is used to read out CR plates

A

Red light

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11
Q

What colour of light is released when CR plates are read out

A

Blue light

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12
Q

What material is the scintillation layer in indirect DR plates made from

A

caesium iodide with thallium (CsI:Tl)

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13
Q

What is the maximum compression used in mammography

A

200N

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14
Q

What is the typical compression used in mammo

A

100-150N

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15
Q

What is the image plate in computed radiography made from

A

barium fluorohalide activated with divalent europium ions.

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16
Q

In indirect DR what colour of photons are released from the scintillation layer

A

Green

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17
Q

In indirect DR how many light photons are produced per xray photon

A

3000 light photons in the green spectrum

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18
Q

In indirect DR what is the matrix made from

A

amorphous silicon layer doped with hydrogen (a-Si:H)

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19
Q

What is the focus to film distance used in mammo

A

65-66cm

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20
Q

What size is the broad focal spot in mammo

A

0.3mm

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21
Q

What size is the fine focal spot in mammo

A

0.1mm

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22
Q

What material of target/filter is commonly used in mammo

A

Mo/Mo

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23
Q

What material of target/filter is commonly used in mammo for larger breasts

A

Mo/Rh
Rh/Rh

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24
Q

In fluoroscopy what is the input window made from

A

aluminium of titanium foil

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25
Q

What material is used as the input phosphor in fluoro

A

Sodium activated caesium iodide (CsI:Na)

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26
Q

How thick is the Sodium activated caesium iodide (CsI:Na) used in fluoro?

A

400-500 μm thick

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27
Q

What colour photons does the input phosphor create in fluoro

A

Blue

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28
Q

What material is the photocathode made from in fluoro

A

Antimony caesium (SbCs3)

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29
Q

What material is the output screen made from in fluoro

A

Silver-activated zinc cadmium sulphide (ZnCdS:Ag)

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30
Q

What is the equation for G brightness in fluoro

A

Gbrightness = Gminification x Gflux (Gminification = minification gain; Gflux = flux gain)

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31
Q

What is the equation for G minification in fluoro

A

Gminification = (Dinput / Doutput)2 (Dinput = diameter of input screen; Doutput = diameter of output screen)

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32
Q

What is the atomic number of tungsten

A

74

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33
Q

What is the mass number of tungsten

A

184

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34
Q

What is the K alpha characteristic radiation of Tungsten

A

59.3 keV

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35
Q

What is the K beta characteristic radiation of tungsten

A

67.6 keV

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36
Q

What is the K alpha characteristic radiation of Molybdenum

A

17.5 keV

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37
Q

What is the K beta characteristic radiation of Molybdenum

A

19.6keV

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38
Q

What is the K edge of Mo

A

20keV

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39
Q

What is the K alpha and K beta characteristic radiation of Rhodium

A

Kα = 20.2 keV
Kβ = 22.7 keV

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40
Q

What is the K edge of Rh

A

23.3 keV

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41
Q

What 3 factors improve geometrical unsharpness

A

Small focal spot size
Increasing focus to detector distance
Decreasing object to detector size

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42
Q

What is the equation for multislice pitch in CT

A

Multislice pitch = beam pitch = couch travel per rotation / total width of simultaneously acquired slices

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43
Q

What is the equation for single slice pitch in CT

A

Single slice pitch = detector pitch = couch travel per rotation / detector width

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44
Q

What is the fine focal spot size used in CT

A

0.7mm

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45
Q

What is the broad focal spot size used in CT

A

1.0mm

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46
Q

What is the CT number of water

A

0

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47
Q

What is the CT number of fat

A

-50 to -100

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48
Q

What 2 factors increase maginification

A

increased object to detector distance
decreased focus to detector distance

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49
Q

What is the CT number if air

A

-1000

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50
Q

What is the CT number of bone

A

+1000

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51
Q

What is the CT number of CSF

A

15

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52
Q

What is the CT number of white matter

A

20 to 30

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53
Q

What is the CT number of grey matter

A

37 to 45

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54
Q

What is the CT number od liver

A

40-60

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55
Q

How is dose measured in CT

A

mAs/pitch

56
Q

What is meant by CTDI

A

Dose to the detector from single gantry rotation

57
Q

What unit is CTDI measured in

A

mGy

58
Q

What is meant by Weighted CTDI
(CTDIw) in CT

A

Adjusted for spatial variation of dose
⅓ CTDIcentre + ⅔ CTDIperiphery

59
Q

What is the definition of CTDI vol in CT

A

Accounts for pitch
CTDIw / pitch

60
Q

What unit if CTDIw and CTDIvol measured in

A

mGy

61
Q

What does DLP stand for in CT

A

Dose Length Product

62
Q

How is DLP calculated

A

Total dose along distance scanned
CTDIvol x distance scanned

63
Q

What is the range of audible soundwaves

A

Audible range of soundwaves = 20 to 20,000 Hz

64
Q

What is the range of waves used in medial ultrasound

A

Medical ultrasound = 2 to 18 MHz

65
Q

Equation for velocity in USS

A

Velocity (c) = √ ƙ / ρ (ƙ = rigidity; ρ = density)

66
Q

What is the speed of ultrasound in soft tissue

A

Speed of sound through tissue = 1540 ms

67
Q

What is the resolution of film screen radiograph

A

6lp/mm

68
Q

What is the resolution of digital radiograph

A

3lp/mm

69
Q

What is the resolution of digital mammography

A

5-10 lp/mm

70
Q

What is the resolution of fluoroscopy

A

5lp/mm

71
Q

What is the resolution of fluoroscopy flat panel detector

A

3lp/mm

72
Q

What is the effective dose of a CTAP

A

10mSv

73
Q

What is the effective dose of a barium enema

A

7mSv

74
Q

What is the effective dose of CT colonography

A

6mSv

75
Q

What is the effective dose of CT head

A

2 mSv

76
Q

What is the effective dose of a CT spine

A

6mSv

77
Q

What is the effective dose of CT neck

A

3mSv

78
Q

What is the effective dose of CT chest

A

7 mSv

79
Q

What is the effective dose of a CXR

A

0.1 mSv

80
Q

What is the effective dose of an XR pelvis

A

0.5mSv

81
Q

What is the effective dose of mammography

A

0.4 mSv

82
Q

What is absorbed dose

A

Energy deposited per unit mass of tissue

83
Q

What unit is absorbed dose measured in

A

Gray

84
Q

What is the effective dose

A

sum of (equivalent dose x tissue weighting factor)

85
Q

What is the equivalent dose

A

sum of (Absorbed dose x radiation weighting factor)

86
Q

What is the average background radiation/year

A

2.7mSv/year

87
Q

What is the average background radiation from natural sources

A

2.3 mSv/year

88
Q

What is the average background radiation from medical exposure

A

0.4 mSv/year

89
Q

What is the radiation weighting factors of xrays, gamma rays, beta particles and positrons

A

1

90
Q

What is the radiation weighting factors of alpha particles

A

20

91
Q

What is the radiation weighting factor of neutrons 100keV-2MeV

A

20

92
Q

What is the radiation weighting factor of Neutrons <10keV

A

5

93
Q

What does ALARP stand for

A

As low as reasonable practicable

94
Q

Is ALARP under IRR or IRMER

A

Both

95
Q

What is the role of IRMER

A

Governs all medical and non-medical exposures to patients

96
Q

What is the effective dose limit per year to a radiation worker >18yrs

A

20mSv per year

97
Q

What is the effective dose limit per year to members of the public

A

1mSv per year

98
Q

What is the effective dose limits to radiation workers <18yrs

A

6mSv per year

99
Q

What is the effective dose limit to carers/comforters

A

5mSv per year

100
Q

What is the effective dose limit for pregnant employees

A

1mSv for remainder of pregnancy

101
Q

What is the dose limit to abdomen of person of reproductive capacity

A

13mSv in any consecutive 3 months

102
Q

What is the equivalent dose limit to lens of the eye for employees >18yrs

A

20mSv

103
Q

What is the equivalent dose limit to lens of the eye for employees<18yrs

A

15mSv

104
Q

What is the equivalent dose limit to lens of the eye for any other person

A

15mSv

105
Q

What is the equivalent dose limit to extremities for employees>18yrs

A

500mSv

106
Q

What is the equivalent dose limit to extremities for employees<18yrs

A

150mSv

107
Q

What is the equivalent dose limit to extremities for any other person

A

50mSv

108
Q

What is the equivalent dose limit to skin for employees >18yrs

A

500mSv

109
Q

What is the equivalent dose limit to skin for employees <18yrs

A

150mSv

110
Q

What is the equivalent dose limit to skin for any other person

A

50mSv

111
Q

At what effective dose does someone need to be a classified worker

A

> 6mSv/year (i.e 3/10 of the dose limit which is 20mSv)

112
Q

At what equivalent dose dose someone need to be a classified worker

A

Equivalent dose >3/10 of any dose limit
i.e >15mSv to lens of eye
>150mSv to skin or extremities

113
Q

What classifies an areas as a controlled area

A

Area where staff likely to receive effective dose >6mSv
15mSv equivalent dose to eyes
Or >3/10 of any relevant dose limit

External dose rate exceeds 7.5uSv/hr over working day

Dose rate <7.5uSv/h over working day BUT instantaneous dose rate at ANY point exceeds 100uSv/h

114
Q

What classifies an areas as a supervised area

A

Person working in area likely to receive dose of >1mSv/yr
Or equivalent dose of >1/10 any relevant dose limit

115
Q

What does MARS78 govern

A

administration of radioactive substances

116
Q

What does RSA govern

A

storage and safe disposal of radioactive materials

117
Q

What does Radioactive Material (Road Transport) (Great Britain) Regulation 2001 govern

A

governs transport of radioactive substances by road

118
Q

What is the MHRA guidelines for whole body exposures of patients in MRI (normal and pregnant) in Tesla

A

4 Tesla

119
Q

What is the MHRA guidelines for whole body exposures of patients in MRI (controlled) in Tesla

A

8 Tesla

120
Q

What is the MHRA guidelines for whole body exposures of patients in MRI (research purposes) in Tesla

A

No limit

121
Q

What is the MHRA guidelines for exposure of staff for whole body (in Tesla)

A

<2 Tesla for whole body

122
Q

What is the MHRA guidelines for exposure of staff for limbs (in Tesla)

A

<5T for limbs

123
Q
A
124
Q

At what gauss is an MRI area controlled

A

5 gauss
0.5mT boundary

125
Q

What is the lead equivalence of lead aprons for 100kV and 150kV

A

0.25mm for 100kV
0.35mm for 150kV

126
Q

What is the lead equivalence in mm of thyroid shield

A

0.5mm

127
Q

What is the lead equivalence in mm for lead glasses

A

0.25 x 1.0mm

128
Q

What is the lead equivalence for lead gloves in mm

A

0.5-1.0 mm (modern gloves)
Old gloves 0.25 mm

129
Q

Can a person be the referrer, practitioner and operator

A

yes

130
Q

What is the role of the referrer (IRMER)

A

Health care professional entitled in accordance with employer’s and local procedures to request and refer individuals for medical exposure
Need to supply practitioner with sufficient medical information

131
Q

What is the role of the practitioner (IRMER)

A

Required to justify all medical exposures and decide if exposure is in patient best interest (e.g person who vets requests)
Can be radiologists or radiographer

132
Q

What is the role of the operator (IRMER)

A

Carried out and optimises the medical exposure
ALARP

133
Q

What is the role of the employer (IRMER)

A

Implements IRMER and allocated individuals with roles
Provides written procedures and protocol
Ensures staff are trainer
Responds to incidents

134
Q

What is the risk of cancer per 1mSv in adults

A

1 in 20,000

135
Q

Does effective dose concern deterministic of stochastic effects

A

Stochastic effects

136
Q

Does equivalent dose concern deterministic or stochastic effects

A

Deterministic

FRCR Part 1 Physics (20 decks)

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