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FRCR Part 1 Physics > PassFRCR Questions > Flashcards

PassFRCR Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

MTF curve improves as spatial frequency…

A

Decreases

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2
Q

Under IRMER, the DoH must be notified if there is overexposure due to…

A

Operator error

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3
Q

Venetian blinds MRI artefact is caused by…

A

Flowing blood

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4
Q

Quality control of a gamma camera system is carried out how often?

A

Daily

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5
Q

How many sources required to measure energy resolution in gamma camera QC?

A

At least 2

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6
Q

Quality control of a gamma camera includes a measurement of the…?

A

Speed of rotation of the camera head

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7
Q

How thick and wide are gamma camera collimators

A

25mm thick
400mm diameter

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8
Q

A technetium generator contains molybdenum 99 suspended in…

A

High grade aluminium beads

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9
Q

Cupping artefact in a ct image will show which part as brighter?

A

Peripheries

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10
Q

Image intensifier vertical resolution is determined by the number of…

A

Scan lines on the frame

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11
Q

A stationary mirror aids laser scanning in photo stimulable phosphor plates.

A

False- it rotates

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12
Q

Radiation badges should be worn under the lead apron

A

True

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13
Q

Radiation badge does not measure does less than 0.1mSv

A

True

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14
Q

Can vignetting artefact be controlled by strict quality control?

A

Yes

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15
Q

The AEC is usually placed between…

A

The patient and the image receptor

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16
Q

Inversion recovery sequences have a short or long Tr?

A

Long

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17
Q

Aliasing in MRI can be avoided by these 4 things:
- use a … field of view
- …. the field of view
- changeover…
- artefact …

A

Use a larger field of view
Remove signal outside of field of view
Artefact correcting software
Changeover phase encoding and frequency encoding gradients if problem only in 1 direction

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18
Q

What type of unsharpness is when there is a gradual change near the edge of a rounded sttructure?

A

Absorption unsharpness

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19
Q

The image intensifier is located opposite the X-ray tube

A

True

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20
Q

The larger the image intensifier, the higher the cost

A

Teue

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21
Q

The electrons in an image intensifier are focused by dynodes

A

It’s electrodes not dynodes

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22
Q

Pathological tissues are best shown on T1 MRI sequences

A

False - T2

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23
Q

Positron emitters are produced in cyclotrons

A

True

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24
Q

According to IRR17, who may not enter a controlled area?

A

Nobody
Everyone is allowed to enter

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25
Q

In gamma cameras, light from the scintillation event is shared between several PMTs

A

True

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26
Q

3rd gen CT scanners are based on parallel beam geometry

A

False
It’s fan beam geometry

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27
Q

Iodine 123 decays wholly by electron capture

A

True

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28
Q

Computed radiography exposure response is linear and wide exposure latitude

A

True

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29
Q

Doppler shift from arterial blood is maximally detected at twice the PRF

A

False
It’s half the PRF

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30
Q

Extrinsic contrast parameters in MRI are all…

A

Selected by the operator

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31
Q

MTF is a useful measure of true/effective resolution

A

True

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32
Q

Intensifying screens improve resolution and unsharpness

A

False

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33
Q

The receiver bandwidth is the range of….

A

Frequencies used to sample the MRI signal

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34
Q

The frequency range is called the receiver bandwidth

A

False
Transmitter bandwidth

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35
Q

Molybdenum 99 is prepared by fission of Uranium 235

A

True

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36
Q

Brightness gain comes from the inter related sources of minification gain and flux gain

A

False
The two are both related

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37
Q

Brightness gain reduces over time

A

True

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38
Q

Brightness gain conversion factor is usually equals to 1% of the brightness gain in value

A

Teue

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39
Q

ADC is an intrinsic contrast parameter of MRI

A

True

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40
Q

The DSA subtraction reduces noise

A

False

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41
Q

Beam steering in USS is optimal with an annular array

A

False

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42
Q

Stochastic effects may be somatic or genetic

A

True

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43
Q

Collimation has what effect on contrast, scatter and dose?

A

More contrast
Less scatter
Less dose

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44
Q

Alpha particles travel through matter quickly

A

False
They are big and slow

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45
Q

Alpha particles are useful in clinical radiology

A

False

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46
Q

Following radiation, chemical damage occurs how long after? This is unique to chemical damage

A

Immediately

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47
Q

Cornwall folks have 6x normal BG radiation

A

False
It’s 3x

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48
Q

TLDs are generally used in conjunction with filters

A

True

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49
Q

Film badges use a double sided emulsion film

A

True

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50
Q

Film badges are similarly sensitive to TLDs

A

True

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51
Q

Film badges are resistant to environment

A

False

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52
Q

Film badges require calibration

A

True

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53
Q

Film badges cost more than TLDs

A

False

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54
Q

Film badge sensitivity is 0.1-0.2mSv

A

False

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55
Q

The outer case of the Geiger muller counter is the cathode

A

True

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56
Q

Electronic dosimeters are more than a 100 times sensitive than TLDs

A

True

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57
Q

Geiger muller counters can detect all types of radiation

A

True

58
Q

The effective focal spot size depends on anode angle

A

True

59
Q

Anode heel effect occurs in a direction parallel to the anode cathode axis

A

True

60
Q

Focused x ray grids increase side cut off

A

False
They decrease it

61
Q

The CT number of a voxel increases with the attenuation of the X-ray beam

A

Yes

62
Q

Technetium is produced from cyclotrons

A

False
It’s made in generators

63
Q

Digital flat plate detectors have greater dynamic range than image intensifiers

A

True

64
Q

USS waves refers to sound waves with frequencies above 200 kHz

A

False
It’s 20 kHz

65
Q

Frequency encoding gradient just be changed every TR to fill K space

A

False
Phase encoding gradient should be changed

66
Q

High resolution data is in the centre of k space

A

True

67
Q

An artefact from a faulty CT detector would appear as a black line on the localiser image, parallel to the long axis of the patient

A

True

68
Q

The spatial resolution of an image intensifier is in the 4-6lp/mm range

A

True

69
Q

When magnification of an image intensifier doubles, the dose quadruples

A

True

70
Q

The size of the input phosphor is fixed in image intensifier

A

False

71
Q

List the 7 types of EM Spectrum radiation types in order from biggest to smallest wavelengths

A

Radio waves
Micro waves
Infra red
Visible light
UV light
X rays
Gamma rays

72
Q

CT has better contrast than film screen radiography

A

True

73
Q

Mammography needs anti scatter grids

A

True

74
Q

The half life value for water is about 60mm in the diagnostic range of energies

A

False
It’s 30mm

75
Q

For portal X-rays, the operator should clear a space of… metres

A

2 metres

76
Q

Quality assurance is needed under the … guidelines

A

IRMER 2000

77
Q

Dose limits can be relaxed for carers and comforters

A

True

78
Q

A dose of 30mSv to an employer may be acceptable within a year

A

True but as long as it doesn’t exceed 100mSv over 5 years

79
Q

A dose of 30mSv to an employer may be acceptable within a year

A

True but as long as it doesn’t exceed 100mSv over 5 years

80
Q

Who is responsible for ensuring equipment is calibrated?

A

Radiation protection advisor

81
Q

For chest radiography, film to focus distance should not be less than 30cm

A

False
Should not be less than 60cm though there are exceptions for mammo

82
Q

CR: electrons jump from valence into conduction bands

A

True

83
Q

In DR, high pass filtering is used for edge enhancement

A

True

84
Q

In DR, low pass filtering leads to smoothing or blurring of features

A

True

85
Q

In DR, fill factor falls as pixel sampling interval is increased

A

False
Falls as sampling interval is reduced

86
Q

CR vs DR: which has more…
- resolution
- noise
- dose

A
  • Direct
  • Direct
  • Direct
87
Q

Aliasing will occur if the signal frequency is more than the Nyquist frequency

A

True

88
Q

Nyquist frequency is equal to half the sampling frequency

A

True

89
Q

Approx 100,000 light photons are emitted from the output screen for every xray photon detected

A

true

90
Q

At 1m from the patient, the scatter is typically about 1% of the patient entrance dose rate

A

False it’s about 0.1%

91
Q

Leakage from the tube housing is typically 5uGy per hour at 1m distance

A

True

92
Q

Effective half life is always shorter than biological and physical

A

True

93
Q

Solid state CT detectors have to be separated to prevent light crossover so their efficiency is compromised

A

True

94
Q

Titanium causes fewer artefacts than other metals in ct

A

True

95
Q

Aliasing in Ct occurs when the sampling frequency is less than 2x the nyquiat frequency

A

True

96
Q

Beta decay is a spectrum or few characteristic energies?

A

Spectrum

97
Q

A pinhole collimator produces minified and inverted images

A

True

98
Q

Gamma camera crystals emit 5000 light photons when struck by a gamma photon

A

True

99
Q

Nuclear medicine DRLs are provided by IRR

A

False
It’s ARSAC

100
Q

Ultrasound is attenuated exponentially with depth

A

True

101
Q

Photoelectric effect is most likely when X-rays hit contrast media

A

True because the density is so high

102
Q

Air flight has an effective dose of approx… per hour

A

0.004mSv per hour

103
Q

Does an employee getting an X-ray have to tell their employer to adjust their annual limit?

A

No

104
Q

The effective dose for most imaging is usually higher for AP vs PA views

A

True
Radiosensitive organs at the front

105
Q

Employees cannot be carers or comforters

A

True

106
Q

For low dose exams the exposure of 10x is enough to be reportable

A

False
It’s 20x for low dose

107
Q

TLDs may be used to monitor patient dose

A

True

108
Q

Subtracting a high kv image from a low kv image will improve contrast of bony structures

A

True

109
Q

Bismuth germanate is ideal for pet scintillators because if a long decay time and high detection efficiency

A

False
It has a short decay time, which is desirable

110
Q

The length of the USS near field is proportional to…? (Equation)

A

Frequency X (beam diameter)^2

111
Q

There is less near field divergence with an increasing transducer diameter

A

False
There is less far field divergence

112
Q

Refraction is compensated for in ultrasound imaging

A

False

113
Q

The lateral resolution is equal to the beam width at the depth of the objects

A

True

114
Q

Slice selection is applied simultaneously with the initial RF excitation

A

True

115
Q

The longer the TE the smaller the subsequent MRI Signal

A

True

116
Q

Deoxygenated haemoglobin is paramagnetic - this is the foundation of functional MRI

A

True

117
Q

Resistive electromagnets should be kept on ideally

A

False
Switch them off at the end of the day

118
Q

What does a faraday cage do

A

Screens the scanner from external RF interference

119
Q

Surface coils can be placed directly on the patient

A

True
Eg mri spine imaging

120
Q

Plastic pacemakers are MRI Safe

A

False
It’s not about movement but about electrical interference with the pacemaker currents

121
Q

Biggest risk from a joint replacement in mri is movement force in joints

A

False
It’s heating

122
Q

The energy of K shell characteristic x rays is always just less than the K shell binding energy

A

True

123
Q

The effective focal spot depends on the size of the cathode filament

A

True
Different filament sizes are used to make difference spot sizes

124
Q

A photoconductor converts X-rays into light

A

False
that’s what a phosphor does

125
Q

Spatial resolution of indirect FPDs is restricted by screen blur

A

True
That means the same as light spread in the phosphor

126
Q

Spatial resolution is improved with increased beam filtration

A

False
No effect

127
Q

X-rays Spatial resolution is improved with increased anti scatter grid ratio

A

False
Grids improve contrast not resolution

128
Q

SPECT requires higher activity administration than planar imaging

A

True

129
Q

Which has better sensitivity- PET or SPECT

A

PET cos it has no collimators

130
Q

SUV equation?

A

SUV =
tissue concentration of FDG
/
injected activity/ patient mass

131
Q

SUV is dependent on the type of scanner used

A

True

132
Q

Paediatric nuclear medicine doses are usually half the adult dose

A

False
It’s calculated based on body weight

133
Q

TE is the time between the initial 90 degree pulse and the refocusing pulse

A

False
It’s 2x that time

134
Q

Holes or tears in the RF shielding of the room can result in truncation artefact

A

False
Zipper artefact could occur though

135
Q

The DQE of detectors changes with kvp

A

True

136
Q

Bow tie filters are made from copper

A

False
Usually aluminium

137
Q

Interspace channels in grids can be filled with copper

A

False
Usually plastic or aluminium

138
Q

In Fluoro, the dose rate at the input phosphor is 1 mgt/sec

A

False
It’s 1 micro Gray per second

139
Q

The photoelectric effect is responsible for most of the radiation dose received by the patient

A

True

140
Q

Permanent magnets are sensitive to ambient room temperature

A

True

FRCR Part 1 Physics (20 decks)

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