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FRCR Part 1 Physics > Radiation Protection > Flashcards

Radiation Protection Flashcards

1
Q

All exposures are potentially harmful and must be: (3)

A
  1. Justified
  2. Optimised (ALARP)
  3. Below legal dose limits (not in IRMER)
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2
Q

Who has most responsibility for providing protection?

A

Employer

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3
Q

Who does IRR17 protect?

A

Staff and general public (not patients)

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4
Q

Who is IRR17 enforced by?

A

HSE

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5
Q

Who advises the employer?

A

Radiation protection advisor

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6
Q

Who oversees practice in clinical areas?

A

Radiation protection supervisor

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7
Q

What is needed for new procedures?

A

Radiation risk assessments

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8
Q

What do local rules do?

A

Tell staff how to work in controlled areas

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9
Q

At what exposure dose do staff need to be classified?

A

If they receive >3/10 of any dose limit (>6mSv whole body, >150mSv skin)
or >15mSv eye dose

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10
Q

Employee annual dose limit: Whole body

A

20mSv

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11
Q

Employee annual dose limit: Skin and extremities

A

500mSv

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12
Q

Employee annual dose limit: Eye

A

20mSV

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13
Q

Trainee (<18yo) annual dose limits: Whole body

A

6mSv

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14
Q

Trainee (<18yo) annual dose limits: Skin and extremities

A

150mSV

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15
Q

Members of the Public annual dose limits: Whole body

A

1mSv

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16
Q

Members of the Public annual dose limits: Skin and extremities

A

50mSv

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17
Q

Members of the Public annual dose limits: Eye

A

15mSv

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18
Q

Specifications of controlled areas (4)

A
  • precautions needed to avoid significant exposure
  • dose likely to be >3/10 of any dose limit
    -Local rules
    -Need RPS to enforce local rules
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19
Q

Specifications of supervised areas (3)

A
  • lower risk than controlled area
    -when work reviewed periodically/if annual dose likely >1mSV
    -DO NOT require local rules or RPS
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20
Q

When do staff become classified?

A

If they are likely to receive 3/10th of any dose limit

-e.g. 6mSV for whole body, 150mSV for skin/extremities

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21
Q

What is the dose level for foetus of worker during pregnancy?

A

<1mSv

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22
Q

Women must declare in writing to employer if pregnant (T/F)

A

True

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23
Q

IRR 2017 requires that radiation doses must not exceed legal limits (T/F)

A

True

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24
Q

IR(ME)R 2017 requires that radiation doses to patients must not exceed legal limits (T/F)

A

False
No legal limit, just have to optimise and justify exposures

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25
Q

Who does IRMER protect?

A

Patients/persons having a medical exposure

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26
Q

According to IRMER what is the employer responsible for?

A

responsible for providing a radiation protection framework

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27
Q

Define the referrer

A

provides clinical information to support the request for medical exposure

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28
Q

Define the practitioner

A

registered health care professional who is entitled to justify and take responsibility for an individual exposure

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29
Q

Define the operator

A

any person entitled to carry out practical aspects of a medical exposure

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30
Q

Define the medical physics expert

A

State registered professional who can advise on regulatory compliance and provides radiation dose measurements/calculations

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31
Q

IRMER -
1)Who is justification carried out by?
2) How do they demonstrate this has been done?

A

1) practitioner
2) Authorisation

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32
Q

IRMER - Optimisation
What is a DRL?

A

DRL indicate achievable patient exposure factors, guidelines for average sized patients, established by the employer

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33
Q

IRMER Licences-
nuc med and/or PET exposures can only take place when the employer and practitioner have BOTH been issued licenses (T/F)

A

True

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34
Q

IRMER Licences-
Practitioner licenses can be issued to consultants and trainees with sufficient training and experience in nuc med

A

False - only consultants with sufficient training and experience in nuc med can hold a practitioner licence

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35
Q

Define accidental exposure

A

exposure when none was intended

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36
Q

Define unintended exposure and give 3 examples

A

dose delivered was significantly different from planned
Wrong body part, wrong pharmaceutical, wrong dose

37
Q

IRMER T/F
The outcome of each exposure must be recorded

38
Q

IRMER:
Must be provision for carrying out of clinical ____

39
Q

IRMER: Radiation equipment
1) Must be subject to a __ programme

A

Must be subject to a QA programme

40
Q

IRMER: Radiation equipment:
2) Employer must maintain an inventory of ______ ______ _______

A

Employer must maintain an inventory of all radiation equipment

41
Q

What do the Radioactive Substances Legislations apply to? (4)

A
  1. keeping and use of radioactive materials
  2. Accumulation and disposal of radioactive waste
  3. Both sealed and unsealed radioactive sources
  4. Nuclear med and PET/CT
42
Q

Sources of radioactive waste in NM/PET

A

Solid - contaminated syringes/vials
Liquid - patient excretions
Gas - radioactive gasses and aerosols

43
Q

One nuc med permit is required for both open and sealed sources of radiation (T/F)

A

False - seperate permits are required for ‘open’ and ‘sealed/closed’ sources

44
Q

Nuc med permits are valid for all hospitals within a trust (T/F)

A

False - a separate permit is required for each site

45
Q

Disposal of solid waste - describe how to dispose of short half life solid radioactive waste

A

-Store in sharps bin in shielded waste store
- radioactivity decays to background levels over time, then dispose of as ordinary waste

46
Q

Disposal of solid waste - describe how to dispose of long half life solid radioactive waste

A

Must be disposed of by waste contractor

47
Q

Disposal of Liquid Waste-
What is main source of liquid waste?

A

Patient excretion

48
Q

What are general percentage estimations of liquid waste for:
1) 99mTc
2) 18-FDG

A

1) 99mTc - 40% excretion
2) 18-FDG - 20% excretion

eg bone scan Tc99m injected = 600MBq
Liquid waste excreted 600 x 0.4 = 140MBq

49
Q

Annual background radiation dose average =…?

A

2.2/2.3mSv

50
Q

Members of Public Dose Limits: Eyes, Skin/extremities and Whole Body?

A

15mSv, 50mSv, 1mSv

51
Q

Trainees under 18 Dose Limits: Eyes, Skin/extremities and Whole Body?

A

15mSv, 150mSv, 6mSv

52
Q

Employees Dose Limits: Eyes, Skin/extremities and Whole Body?

A

20mSv, 500mSv, 20mSv

53
Q

How is the incident notification period defined?

A

It is the time from when the incident is discovered to the time notified.

54
Q

The notification period is defined as a maximum…

55
Q

What is the period in which an investigation of an incident must be submitted

A

Within 12 weeks

56
Q

Can the notification and investigation of an incident be submitted simultaneously

57
Q

What is the dose restriction to a pregnant employee (and her foetus)

A

dose to foetus <1mSv for the remainder of the pregnancy

58
Q

What are the IRMER (2017) dose limits

A

No dose limits but all medical exposure must be JUSTIFIED and OPTIMISED

59
Q

What 3 limitations could be the reason that an area is an controlled area
1. Need for ???
2. Dose exceeding???
3. External dose rate exceeds???

A
  • need for PPE, local rules and an RPS
  • Or equivalent dose of >3/10 of any relevant dose limit
  • External dose rate exceeds 7.5 uSv/hr over working day
60
Q

What are the dose thresholds for a supervised area (2)

A
  • Person working in area likely to receive a dose of >1mSv/year
  • Or equivalent dose of >1/10 of any relevant dose limit
61
Q

Classification doses (for workers to become classified)?

A

6mSv for effective dose, 150mSv for hands/extremities, 15mSv for eyes

62
Q

“Investigation level” of dose is set by employer to investigate after a specific dose, must be less than (…?) and is usually around (…to…)

A

Must be less than 15mSv
Usually 1-4mSv

63
Q

IRMER Licenses are issued by…?

A

Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee (ARSAC)

64
Q

IRMER licenses from ARSAC must be reviewed every…?

65
Q

2 measurements for DRLs in X-rays/fluoro?

66
Q

How are DRLs measured in CT?

A

CTDI or DLP

67
Q

XR Abdo AP DRLs? (2)

A

ESD = 4.0
DAP = 2.5

68
Q

XR Chest AP DRLs? (2)

A

ESD = 0.2
DAP = 0.15

69
Q

XR Lumbar spine AP DRLs? (2)

A

ESD = 6
DAP = 1.5

70
Q

XR Lumbar spine LAT DRLs? (2)

A

ESD = 10
DAP = 2.5

71
Q

XR Knee DRL (ESD)?

72
Q

CT Head CTDI and DLP?

A

CTDI = 60
DLP = 1000

73
Q

CT CAP DLP?

74
Q

CTPA ESD and DLP?

A

ESD = 13
DLP = 440

75
Q

CT KUB ESD and DLP?

A

CTDI = 10
DLP = 460

76
Q

What level of significant dose would be reportable, for exposure category of:
Intended Dose less than 0.3mSv

A

Over 3 mSv

77
Q

What level of significant dose would be reportable, for exposure category of:
Intended Dose 0.3-2.5mSv

A

x10 of intended dose

78
Q

What level of significant dose would be reportable, for exposure category of:
Intended Dose 2.5-10mSv

79
Q

What level of significant dose would be reportable, for exposure category of:
Intended Dose >10mSv

A

x2.5 intended dose

80
Q

Radioactivity permits have a list of conditions, including the appointment of a…

A

Radioactive Waste Advisor

81
Q

ESD equation related to air kerma?

A

Entrance surface dose = air kerma x back scattered factor

82
Q

What does the IRMER 28 day rule state?

A

Normal procedures can be performed if a woman 12-55yrs has had a normal period within last 28 days

83
Q

What is the IRMER 10-day rule for women?

A

Any non urgent procedure can be performed within 10 days of the start their period unless high dose pelvic exam

84
Q

True/false: medical exposures provide a higher radiation dose to the public than doses from nuclear weapons testing

85
Q

IRMER regulations are enforced by…?

86
Q

T/F- IRMER requires the employment of a radiation protection advisor

A

False
This is IRR

87
Q

The Radioactive substances act 1993 concentrates on the risk to the…

A

Public and environment from radionuclides

88
Q

Under IRR who has overall responsibility for keeping patient dose as low as reasonably practical?

A

The employer

89
Q

True/false: The practitioner is the only person allowed to authorise an X-ray exposure

FRCR Part 1 Physics (20 decks)

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