Radiation Protection Flashcards
1
Q
All exposures are potentially harmful and must be: (3)
A
- Justified
- Optimised (ALARP)
- Below legal dose limits (not in IRMER)
2
Q
Who has most responsibility for providing protection?
A
Employer
3
Q
Who does IRR17 protect?
A
Staff and general public (not patients)
4
Q
Who is IRR17 enforced by?
A
HSE
5
Q
Who advises the employer?
A
Radiation protection advisor
6
Q
Who oversees practice in clinical areas?
A
Radiation protection supervisor
7
Q
What is needed for new procedures?
A
Radiation risk assessments
8
Q
What do local rules do?
A
Tell staff how to work in controlled areas
9
Q
At what exposure dose do staff need to be classified?
A
If they receive >3/10 of any dose limit (>6mSv whole body, >150mSv skin)
or >15mSv eye dose
10
Q
Employee annual dose limit: Whole body
A
20mSv
11
Q
Employee annual dose limit: Skin and extremities
A
500mSv
12
Q
Employee annual dose limit: Eye
A
20mSV
13
Q
Trainee (<18yo) annual dose limits: Whole body
A
6mSv
14
Q
Trainee (<18yo) annual dose limits: Skin and extremities
A
150mSV
15
Q
Members of the Public annual dose limits: Whole body
A
1mSv
16
Q
Members of the Public annual dose limits: Skin and extremities
A
50mSv
17
Q
Members of the Public annual dose limits: Eye
A
15mSv
18
Q
Specifications of controlled areas (4)
A
- precautions needed to avoid significant exposure
- dose likely to be >3/10 of any dose limit
-Local rules
-Need RPS to enforce local rules
19
Q
Specifications of supervised areas (3)
A
- lower risk than controlled area
-when work reviewed periodically/if annual dose likely >1mSV
-DO NOT require local rules or RPS
20
Q
When do staff become classified?
A
If they are likely to receive 3/10th of any dose limit
-e.g. 6mSV for whole body, 150mSV for skin/extremities
21
Q
What is the dose level for foetus of worker during pregnancy?
A
<1mSv
22
Q
Women must declare in writing to employer if pregnant (T/F)
A
True
23
Q
IRR 2017 requires that radiation doses must not exceed legal limits (T/F)
A
True
24
Q
IR(ME)R 2017 requires that radiation doses to patients must not exceed legal limits (T/F)
A
False
No legal limit, just have to optimise and justify exposures
25
Who does IRMER protect?
Patients/persons having a medical exposure
26
According to IRMER what is the employer responsible for?
responsible for providing a radiation protection framework
27
Define the referrer
provides clinical information to support the request for medical exposure
28
Define the practitioner
registered health care professional who is entitled to justify and take responsibility for an individual exposure
29
Define the operator
any person entitled to carry out practical aspects of a medical exposure
30
Define the medical physics expert
State registered professional who can advise on regulatory compliance and provides radiation dose measurements/calculations
31
IRMER -
1)Who is justification carried out by?
2) How do they demonstrate this has been done?
1) practitioner
2) Authorisation
32
IRMER - Optimisation
What is a DRL?
DRL indicate achievable patient exposure factors, guidelines for average sized patients, established by the employer
33
IRMER Licences-
nuc med and/or PET exposures can only take place when the employer and practitioner have BOTH been issued licenses (T/F)
True
34
IRMER Licences-
Practitioner licenses can be issued to consultants and trainees with sufficient training and experience in nuc med
False - only consultants with sufficient training and experience in nuc med can hold a practitioner licence
35
Define accidental exposure
exposure when none was intended
36
Define unintended exposure and give 3 examples
dose delivered was significantly different from planned
Wrong body part, wrong pharmaceutical, wrong dose
37
IRMER T/F
The outcome of each exposure must be recorded
True
38
IRMER:
Must be provision for carrying out of clinical ____
Audit
39
IRMER: Radiation equipment
1) Must be subject to a __ programme
Must be subject to a QA programme
40
IRMER: Radiation equipment:
2) Employer must maintain an inventory of ______ ______ _______
Employer must maintain an inventory of all radiation equipment
41
What do the Radioactive Substances Legislations apply to? (4)
1. keeping and use of radioactive materials
2. Accumulation and disposal of radioactive waste
3. Both sealed and unsealed radioactive sources
4. Nuclear med and PET/CT
42
Sources of radioactive waste in NM/PET
Solid - contaminated syringes/vials
Liquid - patient excretions
Gas - radioactive gasses and aerosols
43
One nuc med permit is required for both open and sealed sources of radiation (T/F)
False - seperate permits are required for 'open' and 'sealed/closed' sources
44
Nuc med permits are valid for all hospitals within a trust (T/F)
False - a separate permit is required for each site
45
Disposal of solid waste - describe how to dispose of short half life solid radioactive waste
-Store in sharps bin in shielded waste store
- radioactivity decays to background levels over time, then dispose of as ordinary waste
46
Disposal of solid waste - describe how to dispose of long half life solid radioactive waste
Must be disposed of by waste contractor
47
Disposal of Liquid Waste-
What is main source of liquid waste?
Patient excretion
48
What are general percentage estimations of liquid waste for:
1) 99mTc
2) 18-FDG
1) 99mTc - 40% excretion
2) 18-FDG - 20% excretion
eg bone scan Tc99m injected = 600MBq
Liquid waste excreted 600 x 0.4 = 140MBq
49
Annual background radiation dose average =...?
2.2/2.3mSv
50
Members of Public Dose Limits: Eyes, Skin/extremities and Whole Body?
15mSv, 50mSv, 1mSv
51
Trainees under 18 Dose Limits: Eyes, Skin/extremities and Whole Body?
15mSv, 150mSv, 6mSv
52
Employees Dose Limits: Eyes, Skin/extremities and Whole Body?
20mSv, 500mSv, 20mSv
53
How is the incident notification period defined?
It is the time from when the incident is discovered to the time notified.
54
The notification period is defined as a maximum...
2 weeks
55
What is the period in which an investigation of an incident must be submitted
Within 12 weeks
56
Can the notification and investigation of an incident be submitted simultaneously
No
57
What is the dose restriction to a pregnant employee (and her foetus)
dose to foetus <1mSv for the remainder of the pregnancy
58
What are the IRMER (2017) dose limits
No dose limits but all medical exposure must be JUSTIFIED and OPTIMISED
59
What 3 limitations could be the reason that an area is an controlled area
1. Need for ???
2. Dose exceeding???
3. External dose rate exceeds???
- need for PPE, local rules and an RPS
- Or equivalent dose of >3/10 of any relevant dose limit
- External dose rate exceeds 7.5 uSv/hr over working day
60
What are the dose thresholds for a supervised area (2)
- Person working in area likely to receive a dose of >1mSv/year
- Or equivalent dose of >1/10 of any relevant dose limit
61
Classification doses (for workers to become classified)?
6mSv for effective dose, 150mSv for hands/extremities, 15mSv for eyes
62
"Investigation level" of dose is set by employer to investigate after a specific dose, must be less than (...?) and is usually around (...to...)
Must be less than 15mSv
Usually 1-4mSv
63
IRMER Licenses are issued by...?
Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee (ARSAC)
64
IRMER licenses from ARSAC must be reviewed every...?
5 years
65
2 measurements for DRLs in X-rays/fluoro?
ESD
DAP
66
How are DRLs measured in CT?
CTDI or DLP
67
XR Abdo AP DRLs? (2)
ESD = 4.0
DAP = 2.5
68
XR Chest AP DRLs? (2)
ESD = 0.2
DAP = 0.15
69
XR Lumbar spine AP DRLs? (2)
ESD = 6
DAP = 1.5
70
XR Lumbar spine LAT DRLs? (2)
ESD = 10
DAP = 2.5
71
XR Knee DRL (ESD)?
0.3 ESD
72
CT Head CTDI and DLP?
CTDI = 60
DLP = 1000
73
CT CAP DLP?
1000
74
CTPA ESD and DLP?
ESD = 13
DLP = 440
75
CT KUB ESD and DLP?
CTDI = 10
DLP = 460
76
What level of significant dose would be reportable, for exposure category of:
Intended Dose less than 0.3mSv
Over 3 mSv
77
What level of significant dose would be reportable, for exposure category of:
Intended Dose 0.3-2.5mSv
x10 of intended dose
78
What level of significant dose would be reportable, for exposure category of:
Intended Dose 2.5-10mSv
>25mSv
79
What level of significant dose would be reportable, for exposure category of:
Intended Dose >10mSv
x2.5 intended dose
80
Radioactivity permits have a list of conditions, including the appointment of a...
Radioactive Waste Advisor
81
ESD equation related to air kerma?
Entrance surface dose = air kerma x back scattered factor
82
What does the IRMER 28 day rule state?
Normal procedures can be performed if a woman 12-55yrs has had a normal period within last 28 days
83
What is the IRMER 10-day rule for women?
Any non urgent procedure can be performed within 10 days of the start their period unless high dose pelvic exam
84
True/false: medical exposures provide a higher radiation dose to the public than doses from nuclear weapons testing
True
85
IRMER regulations are enforced by…?
The CQC
86
T/F- IRMER requires the employment of a radiation protection advisor
False
This is IRR
87
The Radioactive substances act 1993 concentrates on the risk to the…
Public and environment from radionuclides
88
Under IRR who has overall responsibility for keeping patient dose as low as reasonably practical?
The employer
89
True/false: The practitioner is the only person allowed to authorise an X-ray exposure
False
