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Board Review > Radiology > Flashcards

Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered the x-ray in 1895

A

Wilhelm Roentgen

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2
Q

The production of ions

A

Ionization

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3
Q

When an electron is removed from an atom in the ionization process what is the results

A

Ion pair

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4
Q

The propagation of wave-like energy (without mass; without particles) through space or matter

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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5
Q

The speed of a wave

A

Velocity

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6
Q

The distance between the crest of one wave to the crest of the next wave

A

Wavelength

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7
Q

The number of wavelengths that pass a point in a certain amount of time

A

Frequency

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8
Q

What kind of wavelengths do we want

A

Very short wavelength with high velocity

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9
Q

what is made of a tungsten filament and molybdenum cup; Negative charge

A

Cathode

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10
Q

What supplies the electrons necessary to generate x-rays

A

Cathode

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11
Q

what is made up of a copper arm and focal spot; positive charge

A

Anode

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12
Q

what converts bombarding electrons into x-ray photons

A

Anode

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13
Q

What is the focal spot made out of

A

tungsten (target = tungsten)

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14
Q

Electron stream travel from

A

negative cathode to positive anode

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15
Q

kVp determines the ____ of the x-ray beam

A

Quality

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16
Q

Refers to the penetrating power of the beam

A

Quality

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17
Q

With low kVp (65 to 70), a high contrast the image results demonstrating what?

A

many black and white areas and a few shades of gray, short-scales of contrast

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18
Q

High kVp (>90), a low contrast image results demonstrating what?

A

many shades of gray instead of black and white, long scale contrast

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19
Q

Both milliamperage (mA) and exposure time have a direct influence on the number of electrons produced, when combined, they form a factor termed

A

milliampere-seconds (mAs)

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20
Q

in humans water comprises __% of cell

A

80%

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21
Q

What is the most common mechanism of damage

A

ionization of water

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22
Q

What is the time that elapses between exposure to raditation and the appearance of observable clinical signs

A

Latent Period

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23
Q

many cellular injuries may result including cell death, changes in cell function, abnormal mitotic activity

A

A period of injury

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24
Q

What effects are seen on the person irradiated, these changes are not transmitted to future generations

A

Somatic effects

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25
Q

What effects are not seen in the person irradiated but are passed on to future generations

A

genetic effects

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26
Q

Cell sensitivity to Radiation, What is highly sensitivity to radiation

A 
reproductive tissue
lymphoid system 
bone marrow 
intestines 
mucous membranes
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27
Q

Cell sensitivity of radiation, What has low sensitivity

A 
nerve tissue 
skeletal muscle 
heart
optic lens 
mature done
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28
Q

Dental x-ray machines operating at or below 70 kVp require a minimum of

A

1.5mm aluminum filtration

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29
Q

dental x-ray machines operating above 70kVp require a minimum of

A

2.5 mm aluminum filtration

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30
Q

What is the PID

A

Position indicating device (cone)

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31
Q

Less volume of tissue is irradiated and less scatter produced with king what type of PID (cone)

A

Long cone

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32
Q

What reduces the surface area exposed by the use of a lead diaphragm, it shapes the X-ray beam into a more restricted area and reduces scatter, reduction in size or beam of radiation

A

Collimation

33
Q

Beam size at the patients face can be no longer than

A

2.75 inches

34
Q

What type of collimation reduces the skin surface area by 60%

A

Rectangular

35
Q

What is the most effective method of radiation protection

A

Fast film

36
Q

What is ALARA

A

As little as reasonably achievable

37
Q

What is the capability of the dental image to reproduce the distinct outlines of an object, or how the smallest details of an object are reproduced on a dental radiograph

A

Sharpness

38
Q

The smaller the focal spot size, the image will appear

A

sharper

39
Q

The composition of the film emulsion influences sharpness, the smaller the silver halide crystals, the image will appear

A

sharper

40
Q

why does a image lose sharpness

A

if the film or patient moves during exposure

41
Q

refers to an image that appears larger than the actual size of the object it represents

A

Magnification

42
Q

A variation in the true size and shape of the object being rediographed

A

Distortion

43
Q

To minimize distortion, the object and film must be

A

parallel to each other

44
Q

To minimize distortion, the x-ray beam must be

A

directed perpendicular to the tooth and film

45
Q

What is the process of Manual Film

A

Developer/wash/fixer/wash/dry

46
Q

What is the time and temp. that the film stays in developer

A

5 minutes at 68 degrees

47
Q

what softens the film emulsion in developer

A

hydroquinone and elon

48
Q

How long does film stay in the fixer

A

10 minutes (twice the development time)

49
Q

Where does the thermometer go at in a manual film processer

A

Developer

50
Q

What is Automatic film processing basics

A

developer/fixer/wash/dry

51
Q

This provides sufficient illumination in the darkroom to carry out processing activities without exposing or damaging the film

A

safelighting

52
Q

What is the wattage of the safelight

A

7 1/2 or 15 watts and placed a minimum of 4 feet away from the film and working area

53
Q

What type of filter can be used for extraoral and intraoral films

A

GBX-2

54
Q

What type of film error cause overlapping of teeth contacts

A

incorrect horizontal angulation

55
Q

What type of error of a film causes foreshortened images, short teeth with blunted roots

A

to much vertical angulation

56
Q

what type of error causes elongated images, long distorted teeth

A

too little vertical angulation

57
Q

over angulate causes

A

foreshorten

58
Q

under angulate causes

A

elongated

59
Q

What is the SLOB rule

A

same lingual; opposite buccal

60
Q

What is the standard film size

A

size 2

61
Q

What is the only mandibular landmark to appear on maxillary films

A

Coronoid process

62
Q

What air space on a panoramic radiograph is seen between the palate and tongue horizontal radiolucent band

A

Palatoglossal air space

63
Q

What air space on a pano refers to the portion of the pharynx posterior to the nasal cavity, diagonal radiolucency

A

Nasopharyngeal air space

64
Q

What air space seen on a pano refers to the portion of the pharynx posterior to the tongue, vertical radiolucent band

A

Glossopharyngeal air space

65
Q

Three-dimensional curved zone in which structures are clearly demonstrated on a panoramic radiograph

A

Focal trough

66
Q

This passes through the floor of the orbit and the external auditory meatus on a pano

A

Frankfort plane

67
Q

this plane divides the body into right and left sides

A

Midsagittal plane

68
Q

Do you need a thyroid collars with panoramic radiography

A

NO

69
Q

In a pano what type of image is found on the opposite side of the image, higher than its actual counterpart.

A

Ghost images

70
Q

Your patient historically presents with new decay on an annual basis. To view the caries more precisely, you decide to change the contrast of the radiographic images. Which adjustment is recommended to increase contrast?

A

Decrease kVp

71
Q

Thermionic emission occurs at which area of the x-ray tube?

A

negative cathode

72
Q

When the electrons strike the tungsten target, the energy of motion is converted to x-ray energy and heat. How much of the energy is lost as heat?

A

99%

73
Q

Which length of PID is most preferred for intraoral radiography?

A

12inch

74
Q

Movement of the patient during radiographic exposures will effect which image characteristic?

A

Sharpness

75
Q

In manual film processing procedures, the thermometer should be kept in which solution?

A

Developer

76
Q

Which anatomical landmark is found in the mandible

A

lingual foramen

77
Q

Which ridge of bone continues downward from the ramus as the “mylohyoid ridge”

A

internal oblique ridge

78
Q

Which dental material has the radiographic appearance most similar to enamel?

A

porcelain

79
Q

Which anatomical landmark is radiolucent on dental images?

A

median palatal suture

Board Review (6 decks)

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