Radiology Flashcards
tiny particles of matter that Possess Mass and travel in straight lines at high speeds
Particulate radiation
wave-like energy Without Mass through space or matter
Electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic ionizing radiation of Very Short Wavelength from tungsten by highly accelerated electrons
X-ray
speed of a wave
velocity
crest to crest of waves
wavelengths
number of wavelengths within an amount of time
frequency
Negative charge - tungsten filament and molybdenum cup
Cathode
Positive charge - copper arm and focal spot
Anode
SPEED of electrons when traveling from cathode to anode - determines PENETRATION of X-ray beam
kVp - kilovoltage peak
overall darkness or blackness of a film
density
Decreased kVp film exhibits Decreased density and appears
Lighter
Increased kVp, Increased density, Increased mA - film appears
Darker
how sharply dark and light areas appear, RANGE OF SHADES
contrast
HIGH contrast & density - ___kVp - ___shades - ___ scale
HIGH contrast & density - LOW kVp - FEW shades - SHORT scale
LOW contrast & density - ___kVp - ___shades - ___ scale
LOW contrast & density - HIGH kVp - MANY shades - LONG scale
NUMBER of electrons when traveling from cathode to anode - determines PRODUCTION of X-rays
mA - milliamperage
how many impulses of radiation are produced per second
60 impulses/second
the most common mechanism of damage in humans
ionization of water
intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
inverse square law
effects seen in person irradiated - not passed on to future generations
somatic
effects not seen in person irradiated - passed on to future generations
genetic
Cell sensitivity - reproductive tissue, bone marrow, mucous membranes, lymph system, intestines
HIGH
Cell sensitivity - lungs, kidneys, liver, growing bone & cartilage, salivary glands, fine vasculature
Medium
Cell sensitivity - nerve tissue, heart, skeletal muscle, mature bone, optic lens
low
SI unit - dose & Rad
Gy - Gray
SI unit - dose equivalent & Rem
Sv -Sievert
SI unit - exposure in air, Roentgen
C/kg - Coulomb/kg
xray machine = or < 70 kVp requires minimum of ___mm aluminum filtration
= or < 70 kVp = 1.5 mm flitration
xray machine >70 kVp requires minimum of ___mm aluminum filtration
> 70 kVp = 2.5 mm flitration
Lead Apron absorbs __% of scatter radiation and is usually __mm
90% and 0.25mm
reduces surface area exposed by use of Lead Diaphragm; beam size at face can be no larger than ___ inches
Collimation; 2.75 inches
MPD - Max Permissible Dose for occupational: __rem/year, __Sv/year (__mSv)
5 rem/year, 0.05 Sv/year (50 mSv)
hydroquinone and elon; 5 minutes 68 degrees; changes exposed crystals black
developer
sodium thiosulfate and ammonium thiosulfate; 10 minutes; removes unexposed crystals and clears
fixer
Processing steps (5)
develop, water, fixer, water, dry
safelighting in darkroom - bulb wattage, distance from film, filter
7.5 or 15 watts, 4 feet, GBX-2 filter
SLOB
Same Lingual, Opposite Buccal
cone length increases = dose decreases by factor of 4
8” @ 1sec
16” @ 4sec
mA decreases, impulses increase, kVp same,
15mA, 90kVp, 8imp
10mA, 90kVp, 12imp
