Community Health Flashcards
WHO
World Health Organization
International
IFDH
International Federation of Dental Hygienists
International
DHHS
Dept of Health and Human Services
(Federal/National)
Healthy People 20/20
CDC
Centers for Disease Control
Federal/National
HRSA
Health Resources and services Admin
Federal/National
NIH
National Institues of Health
Federal/National
NIDCR
National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research
Federal/National
AHRQ
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
Federal/National
Medicaid
Programs for the POOR
(State)
Created by Social Security Act 1965
SCHIPS
Comprehensive healthcare for children under 18
State
FQHCs
Federally Qualified Health Centers which serve underserved areas
(State)
County & City Health Departments
Fluoridation
Directly administer local populations
Local
Study of disease in Target Population
large or small / how disease affects groups or individuals
Epidemiology
Number of EXISTING (old & new) cases at a given point in time
Prevalence
Number of NEW cases at a given period of time
Incidence
Health Variable
Age, gender, race, immune status, genetics
Host Factors
Health Variable
Bacteria, virus, fungus
Biological agents
Health Variable
Sun exposure, radiation, industrial pollutants
Physical environment
Health Variable
Education, SES, diet, substance use/abuse, exercise
Lifestyle
Uses of epidemiological information (List 6)
1) Collect data, 2) Understand history, 3) Measure disease, 4) Identify cause, 5) Test for prevention, 6) Plan and evaluate
Define
disease or condition that Regularly Occurs in a population
Endemic
Define
Unexpected large number of cases of disease in a Specific Population at a Specific Time
Epidemic
Define
Widespread outbreaks over a Continent or the World
Pandemic
Sample Type
Every item has an equal chance of being selected; reduces chance of bias
(can be computer generated)
Random
Sample Type
Based on sub groups
Stratified
Sample Type
Select every #th to participate
Systematic
Sample Type
Based on convenience
Convenience
Sample Type
Based on familiarity with population; high chance of bias
Judgement
Variable
Depends on intervention - what is observed
Dependent
Variable
The intervention - what is changed
Independent
Variable
What stays the same
Controlled
Statistics - measurements
Area of spread in a frequency distribution
Most frequently used measure
Affected by extreme scores
Variance
Statistics - measurements
Average of distance from the mean
Square root of variance
Affected by extreme scores
Standard Deviation
Skew distribution to the Left
Scores fall in the HIGHER range
Mean is Less than median and mode
Negative
Skew distribution to the Right
Scores fall in the LOWER range
Mean is More than median and mode
Positive
Define
Measures what is intended and is appropriate and accurate
Validity
Define
Measurement is reproducible by different investigators / examiner consistency and calibration
Reliability
Define
Ability to identify PRESENCE of disease
Sensitivity
Define
Ability to identify ABSENCE of disease
Specificity
Statistical Test
Hypothetical difference between 2 mean scores
T-Test
Statistical Test
Hypothetical difference between 3+ mean scores
ANOVA (analysis of variance)
Statistical Test
tests hypothesis
<0.05 is acceptable
1 in 20 possibility outcome OCCURRED BY CHANCE
p-value (probability value)
Index
Irreversible, measures past and present caries with PERMANENT dentition
DMFT, DMFS
decayed, missing, filled teeth/surfaces
Index
Irreversible, measures past and present caries with DECIDUOUS dentition
dft, dfs
decayed, filled teeth/surfaces
Index
Irreversible, measures past and present caries with DECIDUOUS dentition, indicates need for extraction (does not include extracted or exfoliated)
deft
decayed, extraction needed, filled teeth
Index
Irreversible, REQUIRES RECESSION, only considers root exposure
RCI - root caries index
Index
Reversible, severity vs extent of inflammation
GI - gingival index
Index
Reversible, early signs of gingivitis, short term
SBI - sulcular bleeding index
Index
Irreversible AND reversible, prevalence & severity of perio AND gingivitis
PDI - periodontal disease index (Ramfjord)
Ramfjord teeth (6)
3, 9, 12, 19, 25, 28
Index
Irreversible, looks at surrounding tissue, no CAL, by Russel
PI - periodontal index
Index
Rapid and effective, perio health, Special Probe
PSR - perio screening and recording
Index
Est. by WHO for TX NEEDS rather than perio status, Special Probe
CPITN - community perio index of tx needs
Index
Reversible, measures oral hygiene, debris and calc, FOR GROUP not individual
OHI-S - simplified oral hygiene
Index
Reversible, Silness and Loe, used with GI, plaque thickness at gingival margin
PLI - plaque
Index
Reversible, measures plaque after brushing for pt skill
PHP - pt/hygiene performance
Index
Reversible, measures supra calc formation after prophy, for plaque control and calculus inhibition, used to TEST AGENTS
VMI - Volpe-Manhold
Access to care
type of care available
Need
Access to care
type of care desired
Demand
Access to care
actual use of service
Utilization
Exam Method
mirror, explorer, light, X-rays, tests / time & money
Type I : COE
Exam Method
mirror, explorer, light, limited X-rays
Type II : Limited
Exam Method
mirror & light
Type III
Exam Method
tongue depressor & light
Type IV
Define
Broad based statement of desired outcome of a program
Goal
Define
Measurable statement of steps to be taken to achieve goals
Objective
Stages of Learning (6)
Unaware, Aware, Self-interest, Involvement, Action, Habit
Procedures (6)
Private Dental Practice
1) Examination 2) Diagnosis 3) Tx Planning 4) Treatment 5) Payment 6) Evaluation
Procedures (6)
Community Dental Health
1) Survey 2) Analysis 3) Program Planning 4) Program Operation 5) Finance 6) Evaluation/Appraisal
Level of govt that supplies grant funding
Federal
Level of govt that applies for grants
State
Level of govt the provides services
Local
Probable cause & effect; Given as a number between +1 and -1
Correlation Co-efficient
Closer the number is to +/- 1 the stronger the correlation; closer to 0 the weaker.
Characteristics of an ideal index (8)
Simple, Valid, Reliable, Clear, Sensitive, Quantifiable, Objective, Accepted
Categories of Indices (4)
Reversible, Irreversible, Simple, Cumulative
Index category
Measures presence OR absence of a disease
Simple
Index category
Measures past and present of all evidence of a condition
Cumulative
Medicare
Programs for the ELDERLY and Disabled
(State)
Created by Social Security Act 1965
Grant
Lump sum of money given to a group to use at their discretion to meet a need (Support a benefit - anything goes)
Block Grant
Grant
Specifies where money goes (Supplies only soft bristle brushes for a benefit)
Line Item Grant
Act
Group health plans to temporarily continue if fired, lay-off, or change in employment status
COBRA - Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
Steps for a Community Program (4)
1) Needs Assessment 2) Plan Program 3) Implement Program 4) Evaluate Program
