Radiology Flashcards
IV Pyelogram
Being replaced by CT; kidneys excrete contrast into the collecting ducts, ureter, bladder, and urethra
Plain films
Cheap and widely available; however, they are rarely diagnostic
*
CT Scans
Arterial Phase (10s)- Shows renal artery and vein; good differentiation b/w cortex and medulla
Nephrogram phase (60s)- detects renal parenchyma lesions
Pyelogram (4 mins)- excreted into the ureters; shows urolithiasis well
*This phase has the most variable appearance
Ultrasounds
Allow for the real-time assessment of blood flow; can differentiate solid from cystic lesions
MRI
Unable to image Ca2+; cant ID stones
Retrograde Pyelography
Performed in pts. who may have a contrast allergy for CT scans; commonly stent placement or stone removal follows
Acute Bacterial Pyelonephritis
“UTI”
Vesicouretal reflux => E. coli
Hematogenos => S. aureus
*Often see a “striated nephrogram” where there are alternating stripes of parenchyma caused by edema
Renal Abscess
Flank pain, pyuria, and fever
*CT scans have high sensitivity, low specificity
Emphysematous Pyelonephritis
Kidney infection w/ production of gas
Type 1- destruction of 1/3 of kidney; high mortality
Type 2- Low destruction; low mortality
*Treatment= nephrectomy
Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
Chronic infxn w/ renal parenchyma replacement by lipid-filled macrophages
=>Renal enlargement, canaliculi
Renal Cysts
*Most common renal focal lesion
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Cystic and solid components w/ the solid increasing in size
K+ during acidosis
H+ moves into cells causing K+ to move out
Femoral Structures
NAVL
Nerve
“Sheath”= Artery, Vein, Lymphatic
Heart structure @ right mediastinum
Right Atrium
Heart Structure @ Left Mediastinum
Left ventricle
Airspace Opacity
Will appear colored if filled w/ dense material such as pus or blood
Interstitial Opacity
Can be thin linear, reticular, or nodular opacities
Air Bronchogram Sign
Tubular outline of medium and large bronchi made visible by alveolar filling
=> indicative of alveolar disease
Silhouette Sign
Airspace opacity resulting in loss of lung-mediastinum or lung-diaphragm interface
Location of diaphragm at inspiration
Rib 10
Lordotic x-ray
Clavicles appear above head; camera angle placed up towards head
Aunt Minnie
Radio graphic findings that are pathognomic for something
Atelectasis effect on mediastinum
Shifts to side of affected lung
Lung cancer
Solitary => Primary lung carcinoma
Multiple lesions => Metastatic
Perinephric spaces
Contains the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, and perirenal fat
*Has a thick posterior compartment formed by fascia
Anterior Pararenal Spaces
Slightly anterior to the perinephric spaces
CONTAINS: Duodenum, IVC, Pancreas, Aorta, and ascending/descending colon
Formed by posterior parietal peritoneum (anteriorly) and the anterior renal fascia (posteriorly)
Posterior Pararenal space
Posterior and lateral to perinephric spaces
Contains fat; formed by posterior renal fascia (anteriorly) and transversalis fascia (posteriorly)
Retrograde urethrogram
Contrast injected into male urethra; indications are for stricture or trauma
As tubular fluid moves down the PT
It remains isosmotic relative to plasma
