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BDS3 1 > Radiology > Flashcards

Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the principles of radiation protection?

A

justification- must be beneficial to the patients

optimisation - ALARP

dose limitation

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2
Q

define processing of an image, how are the ways of doing this?

A

conversion of the latent image to the permanent visible image.

digital
chemical

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3
Q

list the 3 ways x-rays can interact?

A

no effect

complete absorption - transfer of energy to the patient

absorption and scatter - partial absorption and direction of beam changes

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4
Q

What colour does a material that completely absorbs the x-rays appear as on a radiograph?

A

white

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5
Q

define attenuation.

A

combination of absorption and scatter and how it reduces the intensity of the beam in some areas.

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6
Q

list the types of radiographs.

A

intra-orals
bite wings
periodicals
occlusal

extra-orals
panoramic
cephalometric
cone beam CT

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7
Q

what teeth are bitewings used on?

A

premolars

molars

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8
Q

what do we aim to capture In bitewings?

A

Symmetry of uppers and lowers - equal image of upper and lowers.

Mesial side of first premolar to the most distal contact point/surface of the last tooth.

Minimal overlap of teeth.

Enamel-dentine junction Coronal pulp morphology
Interdental bone

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9
Q

when using the paralleling technique, what beam is perpendicular/at a right angle to the image receptor?

A

the central ray/beam

the others are slightly divergent

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10
Q

what occurs if there is a short focus to skin distance?

A

outer beams are more divergent = increased magnification

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11
Q

what occurs if there is a long focus to skin distance?

A

less magnification

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12
Q

what is the recommended focus to skin distance?

A

20cm

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13
Q

how are film packets held in place?

A

rinn holders

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14
Q

what radiographs are the blue rinn holders used for?

A

anterior perioapicals

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15
Q

what radiographs are the yellow rinn holders used for?

A

posterior periapicals

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16
Q

what radiographs are the red rinn holders used for?

A

bitewings

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17
Q

what occurs if the rinn holder is not assembled correctly?

A

coning off

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18
Q

what is collimation?

A

equipment that allows you to control the shape, size and reduce the dosage of the x-ray beam

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19
Q

according to the law what is the maximum beam diameter of circular beam measured at the patient end of the spacer cone?

A

60mm

20
Q

why is a focus to skin distance of 20cm used?

A

to reduce magnification and divergent beams

21
Q

when is a size 0 bitewing image receptor used?

A

small children

deciduous teeth

22
Q

when is a size 2 bitewing image receptor used?

A

used in adults

used in permanent dentition

23
Q

where must the image receptor be in relation to the line of arch?

A

parallel to the line of arch

24
Q

what is the ideal vertical angle for a radiograph?

A

5-10 degrees (related to the curve of monson)

25
Q

what occlusal plane curve is buccolingual?

A

curve of monson

26
Q

what occlusal plane curve is anteroposterior?

A

curve of spee

27
Q

what legislation protects the exposure of patient to radiation?

A

IRMER 17

28
Q

what legislation protects the exposure of healthcare workers and the general public?

A

IRR17

29
Q

According to IRR17 how far away must everyone in the room be for the primary beam whilst the x-ray is being taken?

A

1.5m

30
Q

According to IRR17 what is the dose limit for unclassified staff for the whole year?

A

6mSv/yr

31
Q

According to IRR17 what is the dose limit for the public for the whole year?

A

1mSv/yr

32
Q

who is the referrer?

A

registered healthcare professional, supervising dentist/clinician.

33
Q

what is the responsibility of the referrer?

A

provide sufficient medical data to the practitioner to enable justification.

34
Q

who is the practitioner?

A

registered healthcare professional

35
Q

what is the responsibility of the practitioner?

A

Decides if exposure is justified - ensures benefits outweighs the detriment.

Ensure dosages are ALARP

Complies with the employers procedures.

= authorises the radiograph

36
Q

a radiograph must be justified by a practitioner, what must be considered?

A

Efficacy

Benefits - directly and in society

Risk to the individual

Alternatives

37
Q

who is the operator?

A

anyone who carries out the practical aspects that can affect patient dose

38
Q

is there a dose limit for patients?

A

no, as if the dose is justified and optimised then it is of benefit to the patient

39
Q

what does the practitioner require before authorising the radiograph?

A

patient ID - name, DOB, CHI number

clinical info

unique identifying signature

40
Q

is pregnancy a contraindication to taking a radiograph?

A

no - some woman air on the side of caution however and decide not to.

41
Q

how often should bitewings be taken in a high caries risk patient?

A

6 months

42
Q

how often should bitewings be taken in a moderate caries risk patient?

A

annually

43
Q

how often should bitewings be taken in a low caries risk patient?

A

primary = 12-18 months

permanent = 2 years

44
Q

what metal absorbs excess heat when taking a radiograph?

A

copper

45
Q

list the ways we can reduce patient dose? (3)

A

FSD 20cm
Using a faster film speed
rectangular collimation

46
Q

what positioning factors would make anterior teeth appear horizontally magnified? explain (3)

A

Canine BEHIND the vertical canine guideline

= teeth are closer to the x-ray source than expected
= the speed of beam is slow and the speed through the IR is fast
= unmatched speeds causes distortion

47
Q

what factor would make posterior teeth on one side appear horizontally magnified? (1)

A

patient movement

BDS3 1 (75 decks)

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