Radiographic Evaluation of the Osseous Anatomy of the Skull, Facial Skeleton & Paranasal Sinuses Flashcards
What are the 4 protocols for skull radiographs
PA Caldwell view
AP Town’s View
PA WATER’S View
Bilateral views
helps to especially visualise frontal and some other paranasal sinuses and other skull anatomy
Caldwell angulated PA view
helps with evaluation of the occipital bone
AP Town’s view
Helps to examine external and internal tables of the cranial bones and the diploe. Pituitary fossa (sella turcica) should be scrutinized for its cortical outline and size including Anterior & Posterior clinoid processes. Other important structures: facial skeleton and paranasal sinuses should be appreciated. Mandibular lesions can often be detected on this view. Craniocervical junction is also a part of this radiologic evaluation.
Norma lateral skull view
help to evaluate paranasal sinuses.
PA WATER’S view
Helps examining occipital region/foramen magnum. Zygomatic arch should also be evaluated in cases of facial trauma
Submento-vertex
level of Ethmoid sinuses reveals a large soft tissue mass on the right later diagnosed as Squamous cell carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses
Axial CT slice
Patient is asked to stand anterior to cassette and rotate their head 45-degrees opposite. Tube angle is 25-30-degrees cephalad
Right oblique mandibular views
Tomographic examination of the teeth and maxilla & mandible known as _____
Panorex (panoramic) view
. Benign finding that does not require treatment. “Leave alone finding”
Stafne mandibular bone cyst
benign, non-inflammatory non-neoplastic odontogenic cysts that may enlarge due to secreted epithelial fluid and thought to derive from the tooth crown and enamel layer. Most commonly found about 3d molars. Can be detected on skull or cervical views
Dentigerous cysts aka follicular cyst
Benign outgrowth of cortical bone, a “leave alone” finding but may be large and present with local symptoms
Mandibular torus
______can be associated with some congenital anomalies. Cleidocranial dysostosis (dysplasia) is a well known association
Supernumerary teeth
Unfused metopic suture, absent or hypoplastic clavicles and supernumerary teeth
Cleidocranial displasia (disostosis
Small ossicles within cranial suture lines
Wormain (intra-sutural) Bones
Wormain (intra-sutural) Bones can be sine in what two dysfunctions
Cleidocranial dysostosis
Osteogenesis imperfecta
True wormian bones can be only considered at ____ suture and can be sometimes normal
Lambdoid suture
Benign overgrowth of inner table of predominantly frontal bone. Seen mostly in middle-age/elderly females
Hyperostosis frontalis interna
Can come from hypertension or increase in mineral concentration of systemic blood
Basal ganglia calcification
_____ as defect of closure of the calvarial bones. May also indicate underlying vascular malformations preventing normal closure
parietal foramina
often found with Cleidocranial dysplasia
Persistent Metopic Suture
epidermoid cysts that occur in the intradiploic space of the skull
Intradiploic epidermoid cysts
usually related to early sutural fusion and impressions on the malleable skull by the convolutions of the developing brain hemispheres.
Copper-beaten skull anomaly
hydrocephalus and associaated skull lacunar changes Note ventriculo-peritoneal shunt to reduce hydrocephalus
Chiari type 2
_____ may be linked with Chiari 2 malformation. However, it can disappear by 4-6-months of age in many cases.
Lacunar Skull
______ refers to a type of craniosynostosis in which there is an asymmetric coronal and/or lambdoid sutures premature closure. It can either be single or asymmetric multiple. Premature coronal suture closure is associated with the Harlequin eye deformity
Plagiocephaly
calvarial deformation that results from external pressure after birth when an infant is consistently placed in the same position for rest and sleep. It can be marked in very premature infants, whose heads become flattened and scaphocephalic when they are positioned on their side for mechanical ventilation
Positional plagiocephaly
