Radiographic Evaluation of the Osseous Anatomy of the Skull, Facial Skeleton & Paranasal Sinuses

Question 1

What are the 4 protocols for skull radiographs

Answer 1

PA Caldwell view
AP Town’s View
PA WATER’S View
Bilateral views

Question 2

helps to especially visualise frontal and some other paranasal sinuses and other skull anatomy

Answer 2

Caldwell angulated PA view

Question 3

helps with evaluation of the occipital bone

Answer 3

AP Town’s view

Question 4

Helps to examine external and internal tables of the cranial bones and the diploe. Pituitary fossa (sella turcica) should be scrutinized for its cortical outline and size including Anterior & Posterior clinoid processes. Other important structures: facial skeleton and paranasal sinuses should be appreciated. Mandibular lesions can often be detected on this view. Craniocervical junction is also a part of this radiologic evaluation.

Answer 4

Norma lateral skull view

Question 5

help to evaluate paranasal sinuses.

Answer 5

PA WATER’S view

Question 6

Helps examining occipital region/foramen magnum. Zygomatic arch should also be evaluated in cases of facial trauma

Answer 6

Submento-vertex

Question 7

level of Ethmoid sinuses reveals a large soft tissue mass on the right later diagnosed as Squamous cell carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses

Answer 7

Axial CT slice

Question 8

Patient is asked to stand anterior to cassette and rotate their head 45-degrees opposite. Tube angle is 25-30-degrees cephalad

Answer 8

Right oblique mandibular views

Question 9

Tomographic examination of the teeth and maxilla & mandible known as _____

Answer 9

Panorex (panoramic) view

Question 10

. Benign finding that does not require treatment. “Leave alone finding”

Answer 10

Stafne mandibular bone cyst

Question 11

benign, non-inflammatory non-neoplastic odontogenic cysts that may enlarge due to secreted epithelial fluid and thought to derive from the tooth crown and enamel layer. Most commonly found about 3d molars. Can be detected on skull or cervical views

Answer 11

Dentigerous cysts aka follicular cyst

Question 12

Benign outgrowth of cortical bone, a “leave alone” finding but may be large and present with local symptoms

Answer 12

Mandibular torus

Question 13

______can be associated with some congenital anomalies. Cleidocranial dysostosis (dysplasia) is a well known association

Answer 13

Supernumerary teeth

Question 14

Unfused metopic suture, absent or hypoplastic clavicles and supernumerary teeth

Answer 14

Cleidocranial displasia (disostosis

Question 15

Small ossicles within cranial suture lines

Answer 15

Wormain (intra-sutural) Bones

Question 16

Wormain (intra-sutural) Bones can be sine in what two dysfunctions

Answer 16

Cleidocranial dysostosis

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 17

True wormian bones can be only considered at ____ suture and can be sometimes normal

Answer 17

Lambdoid suture

Question 18

Benign overgrowth of inner table of predominantly frontal bone. Seen mostly in middle-age/elderly females

Answer 18

Hyperostosis frontalis interna

Question 19

Can come from hypertension or increase in mineral concentration of systemic blood

Answer 19

Basal ganglia calcification

Question 20

_____ as defect of closure of the calvarial bones. May also indicate underlying vascular malformations preventing normal closure

Answer 20

parietal foramina

Question 21

often found with Cleidocranial dysplasia

Answer 21

Persistent Metopic Suture

Question 22

epidermoid cysts that occur in the intradiploic space of the skull

Answer 22

Intradiploic epidermoid cysts

Question 23

usually related to early sutural fusion and impressions on the malleable skull by the convolutions of the developing brain hemispheres.

Answer 23

Copper-beaten skull anomaly

Question 24

hydrocephalus and associaated skull lacunar changes Note ventriculo-peritoneal shunt to reduce hydrocephalus

Answer 24

Chiari type 2

Question 25

_____ may be linked with Chiari 2 malformation. However, it can disappear by 4-6-months of age in many cases.

Answer 25

Lacunar Skull

Question 26

______ refers to a type of craniosynostosis in which there is an asymmetric coronal and/or lambdoid sutures premature closure. It can either be single or asymmetric multiple. Premature coronal suture closure is associated with the Harlequin eye deformity

Answer 26

Plagiocephaly

Question 27

calvarial deformation that results from external pressure after birth when an infant is consistently placed in the same position for rest and sleep. It can be marked in very premature infants, whose heads become flattened and scaphocephalic when they are positioned on their side for mechanical ventilation

Answer 27

Positional plagiocephaly