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Radiology (Final) > Calcification of Soft tissues > Flashcards

Calcification of Soft tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Soft tissues calcification/mineralisation is a relatively common phenomenon identified on conventional radiography with approximately 70-90% found in the _____ region.

A

Neck

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2
Q

What are the 8 Soft tissues calcification in the neck?

A
  • Carotid artery
  • Triticeous cartilage
  • Thyroid and tracheal cartilage
  • Nuchal ligament aka nuchal ligament ossicles
  • Tonsils
  • Stylohyoid ligament
  • Salivary glands (sialolithiasis or salivary gland stones)
  • Lymph node
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3
Q

What are the 4 thoracic calcifications?

A
  • Tracheal/bronchi calcifications
  • Costochondral cartilages calcifications
  • Intrathoracic lymph nodes calcifications
  • Aortic Arch Atherosclerosis
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4
Q 
• Renal, Ureteric and Bladder Stones
• Gallstones and Porcelain Gallbladder
• Abdominal Lymph nodes Calcifications
• Splenic & Hepatic Calcifications
• Adrenal glands calcifications
• Intra-abdominal Vascular Calcifications
 • Pelvic Phleboliths
• Fecoliths and Appendicoliths
• Vas Deference & Seminal Vesicle Vesicals Calcifications
• Prostatic Calcifications
• Scrotal Calcifications
(These are part of what types of Soft tissue calcification?)
A

Intra-abdominal and pelvic soft tissues calcifications

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5
Q

_____ ______ Atherosclerosis is due to calcified atheromatous plaques.

A

Carotid Arteries Atherosclerosis

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6
Q

Carotid Arteries Atherosclerosis abnormality is best identified on _____ views.

A

AP Lower Cervical

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7
Q

Carotid Arteries Atherosclerosis is Similar to other atheromatous vascular calcification this is typically detected in _____ patients.

A

middle-age or elderly

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8
Q

Calcified Triticeous Cartilage: The triticeous cartilages are tiny bilateral ovoid structures that are located below the _____ bone in the lateral thyrohyoid ligaments.

A

Hyoid

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9
Q

Calcified Triticeous Cartilage can be seen at approximately the level of _____ and visualized best on ______ views.

A

C3-C4; lateral cervical views

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10
Q

Triticeous cartilages is located between the fibres of _____ ______ ligaments

A

lateral thyrohyoid

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11
Q

Thyroid and Laryngeal Cartilages calcification, Tracheal cartilage. Focal nuchal ligament heterotopic ossification aka sesamoid ossicles of nuchal ligaments. These are _____-related physiological calcifications in the neck.

A

Age-related

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12
Q

Calcification of the palatine tonsil (tonsillolith) is due to previous _____ and ______.

A

previous infection and inflammation

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13
Q
  • Submandibular gland is the most common location of stones in the salivary gland (80%) known as _____.
  • Salivary stone disease is a common cause of acute and chronic _____ _____ infections
A

sialolithiasis; salivary gland

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14
Q

-Cervical lymph nodes calcification are usually ______ and are due to infection/inflammation. -Concretion type pattern of calcifications helps to differentiate it from _____ calcification

A

dystrophic; vascular

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15
Q

Cervical lymph nodes are best seen in which view?

A

AP Lower Cervical

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16
Q

(T/F) Trachea and Bronchi cartilage calcification. No clinical significance and typically age-related.

A

True

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17
Q

_____ _____ calcification of the 1st Ribs

A

Costochondral cartilage

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18
Q

Costochondral cartilage typically uses what view?

A

PA Chest view

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19
Q

Costochondral cartilage is slightly more common in males or females?

A

Females

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20
Q

______ calcification of mediastinal lymph nodes are typically related to previous exposure to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Histoplasmosis or other infections.

A

“egg-shell”

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21
Q

Occasionally certain types of pneumoconiosis (especially silicosis) due to ______ inhalation may be considered.

A

industrial dust

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22
Q

Classic C-shaped pathological mitral valve calcifications over the left ventricle and Aortic arch calcifications related to ______.

A

atherosclerosis

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23
Q

Calcification of the pleura, seen abutting both domes of the diaphragm and the lateral chest wall and are abnormal, may be related to _____, _____ or other pathology

A

asbestos inhalation, tuberculosis

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24
Q

_____(cholelithiasis) may be frequently associated with attacks of acute or chronic cholecystitis

A

Gall stones

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25
Q

(T/F): Gall stones (cholelithiasis) can be an incidental finding in the asymptomatic individuals.

A

True

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26
Q

(T/F): Some gall stones may be translucent and not detected on conventional x-rays..

A

True

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27
Q

Generally two types of gall stones

are recognized, _____ (less radiodense) and _____ _____(more radioopaque)

A

pigment; cholesterol stones

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28
Q

Calcification of _____ lymph nodes may follow previous infection/inflammation such as gastroenteritis, fungal or TB exposure.

A

mesenteric

29
Q

Calcification of mesenteric lymph nodes are (common/ uncommon) and often detected incidentally.

A

Common

30
Q

Calcification of mesenteric lymph nodes occasionally may be a result of _____ or _____ and should be investigated by abdominal CT scanning

A

malignant neoplasms or metastasis

31
Q

Adrenal glands calcification is best seen in which view?

A

AP abdomen view

32
Q

Adrenal glands calcification can be ______ and not commonly noted.

A

Asymptomatic

33
Q

Adrenal calcification may follow _____ _____ _____ or _____ _____ especially with mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

birth delivery trauma; previous infections

34
Q

Abdominal aortic calcification due to atheromatous plaques is another common radiographic finding especially in the _____ and _____ patients and should be carefully evaluated for _____.

A

middle-age and elderly; abdominal aortic aneurysm

35
Q

What is the normal diameter of abdominal aorta?

A

Aout 2 cm

36
Q

Abdominal aorta should not exceed _____ cm as an upper limit of normal.

A

2.8-3 cm

37
Q

Splenic artery calcification due to atheromatous plaques can be seen as _____ _____ calcification in the _____ _____ abdominal quadrant.

A

tortuous arterial; left upper

38
Q

If Splenic artery calcification is detected should be evaluated for _____ _____ _____.

A

splenic artery aneurysm

39
Q

Which aneurysm is

Rare overall but considered 2nd most common abdominal aneurysm?

A

Splenic Artery aneurysm

40
Q

Which aneurysm is considered number 1 common abdominal aneurysm?

A

Aorto-iliac aneurysm

41
Q

What is the Female to Male ratio on likelihood of getting splenic artery aneurysm?

A

F:M 2:1 (Females are twice likely)

42
Q

Most patients that have splenic artery aneurysm are in their _____ decade of life or older

A

6th

43
Q

What is the cause of splenic artery aneurysm?

A

Hypertension atherosclerosis

44
Q

Splenic artery aneurysm are often discovered _____ during radiography, CT and US.

A

Incidentally (unintentionally)

45
Q

Can the size vary for splenic artery aneurysm? What is the range?

A

Yes; 20-30 mm to 40+ mm.

46
Q

At which point referral to a vascular surgeon may be necessary for splenic artery aneurysm.

A

If splenic artery aneurysm is greater than 30 mm

47
Q

Calcified splenic pseudocyst aka _____ (__% of all splenic cysts)

A

secondary cyst (80% of all splenic cysts)

48
Q

Calcified splenic pseudocyst is usually related to _____ _____ ______.

A

past splenic trauma

49
Q

Can Calcified splenic pseudocyst be from inflammation or infarction?

A

Yes

50
Q

If splenic artery aneurysm is considered, _____ scanning with _____ contrast may help

A

CT; IV

51
Q

Does Splenic pseudocyst typically require treatment?

A

No

52
Q

What is nephrolithiasis?

A

Renal stone

53
Q

Renal stone (nephrolithiasis) are mostly radiopaque and well-visualised on _____ and _____.

A

conventional radiography (X-ray) and CT scanning

54
Q

If Renal stone (nephrolithiasis) is found in the _____ or _____ junction may be symptomatic and can lead to obstruction and _____.

A

ureter; ureteropelvic; hydronephrosis

55
Q

Renal stone (nephrolithiasis) Should be evaluated by _____ scanning and/or diagnostic _____.

A

CT; ultrasound

56
Q

Large renal stones are also known as _____ _____.

A

Staghorn calculi

57
Q

An appendicolith (fecoliths) especially in children has a higher association with acute _____.

A

appendicitis

58
Q

Urinary stasis leads to _____ formation.

A

urinary stone

59
Q
  • _____ _____ _____ is a common cause in older males for urinary bladder stone.
  • _____ abnormalities may also increase chances
A
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

- Congenital

60
Q

Prostate gland calcification/calculi is more common in _____ or _____ patients.

A

middle-age or elderly patients

61
Q

Scrotal calculi which are also known as a _____ or _____.

A

Fibrinoid Loose Bodies or Scrotal Pearl

62
Q

Scrotal calculi is calcification within the scrotum, associated with repetitive _____.

A

Trauma (Ex. mountain bikers)

63
Q

Calcified uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) are often described radiographically as characteristic _____ type calcification.

A

mulberry

64
Q

Is treatment required for Calcified uterine leiomyomas?

A

No, unless symptoms are present.

65
Q

Benign ovarian germ cell tumour containing all embryonic elements can cause what growth within the pelvic region? Is surgical care needed?

A

Teeth, hair and fat; Yes

66
Q

Characteristic “rice-grain” (Knee X-ray) calcifications in muscles are typical of parasitic infection with _____ _____ leading to _____ infection

A

Taenea Solium (pork tapeworm); Cysticercosis (larval)

67
Q

Heterotopic bone formation aka?

A

Myositis Ossificans

68
Q

Heterotopic bone formation (Myositis Ossificans)-Typically follows trauma and hematoma formation with subsequent _____.

A

Ossification

Traumatized then healed with ossification

Radiology (Final) (8 decks)

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