Intro Flashcards
After exiting the x-ray tube the x-photons undergo 3-main events within the patient
tissues, also known as what?
differential absorption
x-rays can pass through and expose the film turning it___
black
the x-rays can interact and be completely absorbed by
patient’s tissue
X-rays can interact, deflect and produce _______ that can contribute to
radiation dose to the patient and the medical personnel
Compton scatter
What are the 4-known radiographic densities potentially representing normal or
pathological densities of the human body?
Air
Fat
Water
Bone/metal/calcium
What appears as black?
Air-
What appears as slightly less black than air?
Fat- subcutaneous fat and fat pads of the joints
What appears as grey?
Water soft tissues and abnormal fluid
What appears as white?
Bone/Metal/Calcium-mineralised bone or metallic objects
What does APLC stand for?
AP lower cervical
What does APOM stand for?
AP open mouth
The views of the cervical spine considered to be diagnostic if they include:
Cranio-cervical region superiorly
Cervico-throacic region inferiorly
General rule states that t is required to perform at least _________
orthogonal to each other.
2-radiographic views
What does A.B.C.S stand for in radiographic evaluation?
Alignment
Bone
Cartilage
Soft Tissues
normal anatomic relations of joints and osseous structures concerns what part of ABCS?
Alignment
bone mineral density, abnormal destructive/lytic or abnormal
sclerotic processes of the bone concerns what part of ABCS?
Bone
joint spaces and disc spaces concerns what part of ABCS?
Cartilage
evaluates surrounding soft tissues for abnormal fluid,
calcifications or any other pathology concerns what part of ABCS?
Soft Tissues
In lateral cervical view when evaluating alignment, what 4 things should you look at?
Anterior vertebral line
• Posterior or George’s line
• Spinal laminar line
• SP posterior line
retrophareyngeal space should be ____ at C2
7mm
retrotracheal space should be ____ at C6-C7
22mm
Flexed and extended lateral cervical views (stress views)- help to evaluate what?
Ligamentous stability
R+L posterior oblique cervical views demonstrates what?
Inter vertebral formania
What is normal in children and especially prominent at C3?
Anterior body wedging
Abnormally widened pituitary
fossa or “ballooning of sella” sign indicates what?
Space occupying lesion such as a pituitary gland
adenoma or other neoplasms may cause erosion of the
osseous margins
Radiographic measurement of Basilar skull angle should be what?
(125-143 degrees
standard reference)
What makes up the lines for the basilar skull angle?
-nasion to middle of pituitary fossa
- anterior border
of magnum along the clivus
What is diagnosed it the basilar angle is >152 degrees?
Platybasia
What is a direct line from posterior tip of hard palate to the lowest point of the occipital
bone
McGegegor line
What is the signifcance of the McGegor line?
odontoid process should not pass this line more than 8-mm
What line goes from the hard palate to posterior margin of
magnum foramina?
Chamberlain line
What is the significance of the chamberlain line?
Odontoid should not pass this line (<4-mm can be normal)
Atlantodental interspace (ADI) should be ____ in children
<5mm
Atlantodental interspace (ADI) should be ____ in adults
<3mm
Normally the articular mass of C1 should be aligned with corresponding
mass of C2. In children, C1 mass may appear ______ C2
overhanging
what are congenital abnormalities resulting in caudal displacement of the cerebellum and
the brainstem due to small volume or hypoplasia of posterior cranial fossa.
Arnold-Chiari malformations
What is (partial or complete, uni or bilateral
ossification of posterior atlanto-occipital membrane)-
asymptomatic and detected incidentally on radiographs
Posterior ponticle
What is a failed segmentation of vertebra
Single level-blocked vertebra
Congenital blocked vertebra
Two or more blocked vertebra
Klippel-Feil syndrome
Ossification of the stylohyoid ligament
eagle syndrome
Interruption in smooth contour may indicate facet
imbrication (subluxation) or DJD
Hadley’s S-curve
Eisenstein Method, normal sagittal Lumbar canal should remain no
less than _____
14mm
failed union of both lateral centers of vertebral body due to
persistent notochord between them
Buttefly vertebra
failed formation of vertebral half, can be major source of
congenital scoliosis
Hemivertebra
closely related condition when nucleus pulposus can herniate
anterior through ring apophysis
Limbus Bone
Central herniation of the nucleus pulposus through vertebral end-palate
Schmorl’s nodes
Central herniation of the nucleus pulposus through vertebral end-palate
Nuclear impressions/ cupid bow
failure of closure of the neural tube
Spina bifida manifesta
Midline cleft at S1-S2 with
elongated SP of L5
Knife Clasp Syndrome
