Radiographic Contrast Media Flashcards
who discovered contrast media on 1896?
Walter Bradford Cannon
first reported gastrointestinal contrast study performed using bismuth
1897
bismuth, toxic
___ _____, safer
bismuth, toxic
barium sulfate, safer
it is the year when sodium iodide used to treat syphilis, iodine was found to be radio opaque to xrays and basis of all modern contrast media
1920s
barium sulfate - oral
_____ based - intravenous
________ - for MRI
barium sulfate - oral
iodine based - intravenous
gadolinium - for MRI
it is the different in optical density between different parts of image on radiograph
contrast
this depends on absorption coefficients of different tissues on radiograph
contrast
contrast
high contrast - ____________
low contrast - _____________
contrast
high contrast - too black
low contrast - too white
also called contrast agents or contrast media
contrast materials
are used to improve pictures of the inside of the body produced by xrays, ct and mri
contrast materials
allows the radiologist to distinguish normal from abnormal conditions
contrast materials
barium swallow/oral is used for
upper gastrointestinal tract
barium enema/rectal is used for
lower gastrointestinal tract
intravenous is used for
veins, arteries, arterioles, bronchioles
is triple contrast allowed in one patient?
yes, as long as there are intervals and dosage
they are not dyes that permanently discolor internal organs, they are substances that temporarily change the way xrays or other imaging tools interact with the body
contrast materials
xray of the blood vessels
arteriography
angiography
cardiology
contrast media can enter the body in 4 ways:
swallowed/orally
administered by enema/given rectally
injected into a blood vessel/intravenously
intraarticular or inhaled
it refers to structure that are dense and resist the passage of xrays that appears white/light in a radiographic image such as bones
radiopaque
it refers to structure that are less dense and permits the xray beam to pass through them that appears black/dark such as muscle and intestines
radiolucent
2 types of contrast media
positive contrast
negative contrast
it is a substance having a higher atomic number than the surrounding tissues and they usually appear white on the radiograph
positive contrast
it is a type of contrast that has high absorption rate
positive contrast
2 examples of positive contrast:
barium sulfate
iodine based
it is the most contrast material taken by mouth and can also be used rectally
barium sulfate
it is a metallic compound that shows up on xray to help see abnormalities in esophagus and stomach
barium sulfate
2 types of barium sulfate:
barium enema
barium swallow
in barium sulfate, it is an xray exam that can detect changes or abnormalities in the large intestine (colon)
barium enema
in barium sulfate, it is a test that may be used to determine the cause of painful swallowing, difficulty with swallowing, abdominal pain, bloodstained vomit or unexplained weight loss
barium swallow
it is a colorless liquid which includes iodine
iodine based
it is injected into your blood stream to allow your organs to be seen more clealy on xrays
iodine based
2 types of iodine based:
ionin
non ionic
in iodine based, it is less expensive with 14% of patient have high adverse reaction within 5 to 10 minutes
ionic
in iodine based, it is expensive that has lower change of adverse reaction
non ionic
urovison
hypaque
uromiro
pantopaque
diotrat
hytrast
conray
telebrix
angiografin
ionic iodine based
ultravist
magnevist
xenetics
omnipaque
optiray
non ionic iodine based
it is a substance having a lower atomic number than the surrounding tissues and it appears black on the radiograph
negative contrast
it is the key component of the contrast material most often used in mri exams
gadolinium
when this substance is present in the body, it alters the magnetic properties of nearby water molecules which enhances the quality of the images
gadolinium
factors in selecting contrast media:
it must be ___ _____
it must have _______ contrast
it must have ______
it must have suitable _____
it must have _______
factors in selecting contrast media:
it must be non toxic
it must have adequate contrast
it must have viscosity
it must have suitable persistence
it must have miscibility
4 physical state of contrast:
liquid
tablet
powder
oil
4 methods of introducing sensitivity test
scleral
sublingual
intradermal
intravenous
sensitivity test
a drop of contrast is introduced into the eyeball
scleral
sensitivity test
a drop of contrast is deposited into the base of the tongue
sublingual
sensitivity test
1 to 2 cc of contrast is injected just beneath the skin
intradermal
sensitivity test
3 to 5 ml of contrast is injected to the vein
intravenous
sneezing, coughing, yawning, nausea, reddening of the skin, nausea, vomiting, slight fever, chills, itching, urticaria, flushing of the face
1st degree
drop in BP, bradycardia, dyspnea, spastic cough
2nd degree
shock, tachycardia, massive drop in BP, bronchospasm, wheezing, asthma attack, stridor abnormal breathing occurring when the larynx and trachea are obstructed, choking, convulsion, glottis edema, lung edema
3rd degree
circulatory and respiratory arrest
4th degree
