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Ch. 20 Angiography and Interventional Procedures > Radiobiology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Radiobiology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of radiation units?

A

Traditional and system international

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2
Q

____is the measure of the ionization of air produced by x-radiation and gamma radiation below 3 million electron volts.

A

Roentgen

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3
Q

What is the exposure in air in the SI unit

A

Coulombs per kilogram

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4
Q

____ is the SI unit of electric charge.

A

Coloumb

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5
Q

____ is the SI unit of electrical current

A

Ampere

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6
Q

It represents the quantity of electrical charges flowing past a point in a circuit in 1 second, when an electrical current of 1 ampere is used.

A

Coloumb/ampere

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7
Q

Absorbed dose is the amount of energy absorbed by the irradiated object per unit mass and is expressed in the traditional system and SI as

A

Traditional RAD

SI Gray

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8
Q

__ is defined as an energy transfer of 100 ergs per gram of an absorbing materia

A

Rad

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9
Q

___ is defined as the energy transfer of 1 joule per Kg of the irradiated material.

A

Gray

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10
Q

Rad to Gray conversion:

A

Divide RAD by 100

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11
Q

Gray to Rad conversion:

A

Multiply by 100

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12
Q

____ is the transfer of radiation energy to atoms of air

A

Air Kerma

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13
Q

___is defined as the quantity of any ionizing radiation that has the same biologic effectiveness of one rad of x-rays

A

REM

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14
Q

How do you calculate dose equivalent

A

absorbed dose X quality factor

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15
Q

__ is a modifying factor used in the calculation of the dose equivalent to determine the ability of a dose of any kind of radiation to cause biologic damage.

A

quality factor

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16
Q

___ is the product of the average absorbed dose in a tissue or organ in the human body and its associated radiation weighting factor

A

equivalent dose

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17
Q

___is the sum of the weighted equivalent doses for all irradiated tissues or organs

A

effective dose

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18
Q

____dose is used to describe radiation exposure of a population or group from low doses of different sources of ionizing radiation.

A

Collective equivalent

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19
Q

What is the unit for collective equivalent?

A

person- sievert

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20
Q

___ is the rate at which energy is deposited in the form of a charged particle or ion pairs as it travels through matter.

A

LET

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21
Q

Alpha particles and beta particles have a __ LET and __ SI

A

High and high

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22
Q

X-radiation and gamma radiation have a __ LET and __ SI

A

low, low

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23
Q

The SI for x-radiation and gamma radiation is

A

1

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24
Q

Alpha radiation has an SI of ___and a QF of ___

A

2500, 20

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25
Q

What is the traditional unit for radioactivity? SI unit?

A

curie, becquerel

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26
Q

The __ is defined as 3.7 x 10 to the power 10 disintegration per second of any radioactive substance

A

curie

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27
Q

___ is defined as one decay per second of any radioactive substance

A

becquerel

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28
Q

___ is the time taken by a radioactive material to decay to 50% of its original activity.

A

half life

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29
Q

Milli

A

10 to the power -3

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30
Q

Micro

A

10 to the power -6

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31
Q

Nano

A

10 to the power -9

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32
Q

Diagnostic x-ray beams always result in ___exposure, which is less harmful than whole body exposure.

A

partial

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33
Q

The sequence of events that follow high level radiation exposure leading to death within days or weeks is called

A

acute radiation syndrome

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34
Q

What are the three lethal syndromes of acute radiation?

A

hematologic death, gastrointestinal, and central nervous

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35
Q

What are the 2 period associated with the three lethal syndromes?

A

prodromal and latent period

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36
Q

This immediate response of radiation sickness is the

A

prodromal

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37
Q

The severity of the symptoms is dose related: at doses in excess of ____

A

10 gray/1000 rad

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38
Q

The ___ period is the time after exposure during which there is no sign of radiation sickness

A

latent

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39
Q

The minimum dose lethal to humans is _____ Gy to the whole body.

a. 0.5
b. 1
c. 2
d. 4

A

c. 2

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40
Q

Some radiation victims of _____ syndrome(s) may recover completely.

a. central nervous system
b. gastrointestinal
c. hematologic
d. all of the above

A

c. hematologic

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41
Q

The central nervous system syndrome occurs following a whole body dose of _____ Gy or more.

a. 50
b. 20
c. 10
d. 5

A

a. 50

42
Q

Immediately following a whole body dose of 10 Gy the victim would experience (a) _____.

a. sudden death
b. latent period
c. prodromal symptoms
d. hair loss

A

c. prodromal symptoms

43
Q

A dose of _____ Gy or more to a small area of the body can cause skin erythema.

a. 0.25
b. 0.5
c. 1
d. 2

A

d. 2

44
Q

There is usually a _____ before the symptoms of acute radiation syndromes appear.

a. latent period
b. recovery period
c. prolonged illness
d. loss of hair

A

a. latent period

45
Q

The destruction of _____ cells in the intestinal lining causes death from GI syndrome.

a. muscle
b. stem
c. mature
d. blood

A

b. stem

46
Q

A person subjected to 50 Gy to the whole body may survive for _____ before death occurs.

a. 3 hours
b. 24 hours
c. 3 days
d. 2 weeks

A

c. 3 days

47
Q

During the latent period, the radiation victim experiences _____.

a. hair loss
b. nausea and vomiting
c. skin erythema
d. well-being

A

d. well-being

48
Q

A local dose of _____ rad(s) or more can cause gonadal dysfunction.

a. 1
b. 5
c. 10
d. 100

A

c. 10

49
Q

What would be the most likely immediate response to a whole body dose of 2 Gy?

a. a sense of well-being
b. diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting
c. convulsive seizures and edema
d. increased strength

A

b. diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting

50
Q

A subject would not experience _____ following a dose high enough to cause CNS syndrome.

a. hematologic syndrome
b. gastrointestinal syndrome
c. prodromal syndrome
d. both A and B

A

a. hematologic syndrome

51
Q

What is another name for hematologic syndrome?

A

bone marrow

52
Q

The period of ___ is characterized by possible vomiting, mild diarrhea, malaise, lethargy, and fever.

A

manifest illness

53
Q

The LD50/60 is the dose of radiation to the whole-body that will result in death within _____ to _____% of the irradiated population.

a. 50 days, 60
b. 60 days, 50
c. 60 minutes, 50
d. 50 minutes, 60

A

b. 60 days, 50

54
Q

Death from acute radiation exposure follows a _____ dose-response relationship.

a. nonlinear, threshold
b. linear, threshold
c. linear, nonthreshold
d. nonlinear, nonthreshold

A

a. nonlinear, threshold

55
Q

The LD50/60 for humans is approximately _____ Gy.

a. 1
b. 2.5
c. 3.5
d. 10

A

c. 3.5

56
Q

High doses of radiation to a localized area can lead to _____ of tissues and organs in that area.

a. reduction in size
b. shrinkage
c. total loss of function
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

57
Q

About half of the population will experience skin erythema following a localized dose of _____ Gy.

a. 5
b. 3.5
c. 1
d. 0.5

A

a. 5

58
Q

Skin effects from localized doses of radiation follow a _____ dose-response relationship.

a. linear, threshold
b. nonlinear, nonthreshold
c. nonlinear, threshold
d. linear, nonthreshold

A

c. nonlinear, threshold

59
Q

Localized doses of 7 Gy to the skin can cause _____.

a. death
b. permanent hair loss
c. gastrointestinal syndrome
d. all of the above

A

b. permanent hair loss

60
Q

Ovaries are most radiosensitive during _____.

a. fetal growth
b. early childhood
c. early adulthood
d. both A and B

A

d. both A and B

61
Q

Gonadal responses to radiation have been observed at doses as low as _____ Gy.

a. 1
b. 0.5
c. 0.2
d. 0.1

A

d. 0.1

62
Q 
The stem cells of the ovaries multiply during \_\_\_\_\_.
.	fetal growtha
b.	early childhood
c.	puberty
d.	both A and B
A

fetal growth

63
Q

What is the ultimate cause in death in CNS syndrome?

A

elevate fluid content

64
Q

Acute radiation lethality follows a ____, __ threshold dose response relationship.

A

nonlinear, threshold

65
Q

A single chromosome aberration represents _____ to the DNA within the chromosome.

a. a single hit
b. severe damage
c. little damage
d. no damage

A

b. severe damage

66
Q

The most radiosensitive cells in the hematopoietic system of the human body are the _____.

a. granulocytes
b. erythrocytes
c. lymphocytes
d. platelets

A

c. lymphocytes

67
Q

Damage to ___ cells results in the earliest manifestation of radiation injury of the skin.

A

basal

68
Q

Hematopoietic syndrome occurs when there is:

A

2 - 10 Gy (200 – 1000 rads)

69
Q

Gastrointestinal syndrome occurs under

A

10 – 50 Gy (1000 – 5000rads)

70
Q

Cerebrovascular syndrome occurs upon

A

50 Gy(5000 rad)

71
Q

as the whole-body radiation dose increases, the average time between exposure and death decreases. This time of survival is termed the

A

mean survival time

72
Q

What is the resultant of 200-300 kvp orthovoltage x-rays?

A

erythema

73
Q

A single dose of ___ cause erythema

A

3-10 Gy

74
Q

Radiation effects on skin follows a ___ threshold dose response curve.

A

non linear

75
Q

___rad can lead to reduction in the number of spermatozoa

A

10

76
Q

___rad results in temporary sterility for males

A

200-250

77
Q

___rad produce permanent sterility for males

A

500-600

78
Q

___rad suppress and delay menstruation

A

10

79
Q

__rad causes temporary sterility.

A

200

80
Q

___rad causes permanent sterility for females

A

500-625

81
Q

The most radiosensitive cell during female germ cell development is the __ in the mature follicle

A

oocyte

82
Q

Radiation induced chromosome aberrations follow a ___dose response relationship

A

non threshold

83
Q

___ occurs on the posterior pole of the lens.

And follows a ___ threshold dose response relationship.

A

Cataract, nonlinear threshold dose response

Threshold dose = 200 rad

84
Q 
What unit of measure is used to express ionizing radiation dose to biologic material?
A. Roentgen 
B. rad 
C. Rem
D. Rbe
A

C. Rem

84
Q

The ____ dose is that dose of radiation that produces twice the frequency of genetic mutations as would have been observed without the radiation.

A

doubling dose

85
Q

Radiation protection guidelines are based on _____.

a. stochastic effects of radiation
b. deterministic effects of radiation
c. lethal effects of radiation
d. both A and B

A

a. stochastic effects of radiation

86
Q

____ is a stochastic effect of radiation exposure.

a. Erythema
b. Epilation
c. Cancer
d. Nausea

A

c. Cancer

87
Q

A _____ effect increases in incidence but not severity as the dose increases.

a. non-stochastic
b. stochastic
c. deterministic
d. localized

A

b. stochastic

88
Q

Low doses of radiation have been shown to cause _____.

a. chromosome damage
b. loss of fertility
c. cataracts
d. radiodermatitis

A

a. chromosome damage

89
Q

Chronic low doses of radiation have _____ effect on fertility.

a. no
b. an increasing
c. a strong
d. a weak

A

a. no

90
Q

Studies of A-bomb survivors indicate that leukemia has a _____ dose-response relationship to radiation.

a. nonlinear, threshold
b. linear, threshold
c. linear, nonthreshold
d. nonlinear, nonthreshold

A

c. linear, nonthreshold

91
Q

Radiation-induced leukemia has a latent period of _____ years.

a. 1-2
b. 4-7
c. 5-10
d. 15-20

A

b. 4-7

92
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with radiation showed an increased incidence of _____.

a. leukemia
b. cancer
c. early death
d. infertility

A

a. leukemia

93
Q

It is difficult to link cancer to radiation exposure because it occurs _____ in the population.

a. with severity
b. very rarely
c. in high proportion
d. only in the elderly

A

c. in high proportion

94
Q

Relative risk is _____.

a. expected cases/observed cases
b. observed cases/expected cases
c. observed cases – expected cases
d. expected cases – observed cases

A

b. observed cases/expected cases

95
Q

Radiation induced skin cancer in radiotherapy patients has occurred with _____.

a. a threshold dose-response
b. a nonthreshold dose-response
c. 100% of the patients treated
d. 50% of the patients treated

A

a. a threshold dose-response

96
Q

The theory of radiation hormesis suggests that radiation doses below 0.1 mGy are _____.

a. carcinogenic
b. beneficial
c. lethal
d. harmful

A

b. beneficial

97
Q

A study of an irradiated population which showed a relative risk factor below 1.0 would indicate that the population had a _____ risk.

a. slight
b. no
c. reduced
d. very high

A

c. reduced

98
Q

The most radiosensitive period during pregnancy for radiation induced congenital abnormalities is during the _____.

a. first 2 weeks
b. first trimester
c. second trimester
d. third trimester

A

b. first trimester

99
Q

Data showing radiation-induced human genetic abnormalities _____.

a. does not exist
b. indicates responses to low doses
c. indicates responses to high doses
d. is being studied by the BEIR

A

a. does not exist

100
Q

The threshold dose for cataract formation is known to be _____ mSv of acute exposure to the eyes.

a. 2
b. 4
c. 10
d. 20

A

a. 2

101
Q

What is the dose equivalent limit a radiation worker may receive to his/her whole body in one year?

a. 1 rem
b. 5 rem
c. 10 rem
d. 25 rem

A

b. 5 rem

Ch. 20 Angiography and Interventional Procedures (13 decks)

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