Radiation Protection Standards and Regulations Flashcards by Jeff Caudill

List

Three major causes for action of civil penalties by the NRC

Failure of management to understand license conditions
Failure to train workers properly
Failure to assure that employees follow approved procedures

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List the four bases for radiation standards (i.e., regulations)

ALARA
Biological
Comparable risk
Checks and balances

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Define

High radiation area

(from 10 CFR 20)

An area, accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels from radiation sources external to the body could result in an individual receiving a dose equivalent in excess of 100 mrem (1 mSv) in 1 hour at 30 centimeters from the radiation source or 30 centimeters from an surface that the radiation penetrates.

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Define

Restricted area

An area, access to which is limited by the licensee for the purpose of protecting individuals against undue risks from exposure to radiation and radioactive materials.
Restricted area does not include areas used as residential quarters, but separate rooms in a residential building may be set apart as a restricted area.

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Define

Unrestricted area

An area that is not limited or controlled by the licensee.

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Define

Very high radiation area

An area, accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels from radiation sources external to the body could result in an individual receiving an absorbed dose in excess of 500 rads in 1 hour at 1 meter from a radiation source or 1 meter from any surface that the radiation penetrates.

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What is 10 CFR 19?

Notices, Instructions and Reports to Workers

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What is 10 CFR 21?

Reporting of Defects and Reports to Workers

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What is 10 CFR 34?

Licenses for Radiography and Radiation Safety Requirements for Radiographic Operations

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What is 10 CFR 50?

Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities

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What is 10 CFR 61?

Licensing Requirements for Land Disposal of Radwaste

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What is 10 CFR 71?

Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials

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What is the recommended occupational limit for effective dose?

(ICRP 103)

No year > 50 mSv

20 mSv yr^-1 averaged over 5-year periods

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What is the recommended occupational limit for annual equivalent dose to the lens of the eye?

(ICRP 103)

150 mSv yr^-1

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What is the recommended occcupational limit for the annual equivalent dose to skin and extremeties?

(ICRP 103)

500 mSv yr^-1

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What is the recommended occupational limit for equivalent dose to abdomen of delcared pregnant worker?

(ICRP 103)

2 mSv (for the period of declared pregancy/gestation)

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What is the recommended occupational limit for an intake by a declared pregnant worker?

(ICRP 103)

< 1/20 ALI

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What is the recommended public’s limit for effective dose?

(ICRP 103)

1 mSv yr^-1 averaged over 5 years

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What is the recommended public’s limit for annual equivalent dose to the lens of the eye?

(ICRP 103)

15 mSv

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What is the recommended public’s limit for the annual equivalent dose to the skin?

50 mSv

Tissue Weighting Factor

Gonads

10 CFR 20 (from ICRP 26)

w_T = 0.25

ICRP 103

w_T = 0.08

Tissue Weighting Factor

Red Bone Marrow

10 CFR 20 (from ICRP 26)

w_T = 0.12

ICRP 103

w_T = 0.12

Tissue Weighting Factor

Lungs

10 CFR 20 (from ICRP 26)

w_T = 0.12

ICRP 103

w_T = 0.12

Tissue Weighting Factor

Breasts

10 CFR 20 (from ICRP 26)

w_T = 0.15

ICRP 103

w_T = 0.12

_Tissue Weighting Factor_ Thyroid

_10 CFR 20 (from ICRP 26)_ w_T = 0.03 _ICRP 103_ w_T = 0.04

_Tissue Weighting Factor_ Bone surface

_10 CFR 20 (from ICRP 26)_ w_T = 0.03 _ICRP 103_ w_T = 0.01

_Tissue Weighting Factor_ Remainder of body

_10 CFR 20 (from ICRP 26)_ w_T = 0.30 Note: 5 organs at 0.06 each _ICRP 103_ w_T = 0.12

_Tissue Weighting Factor_ Stomach

_10 CFR 20 (from ICRP 26)_ N/A _ICRP 103_ 0.12

_Tissue Weighting Factor_ Colon

_10 CFR 20 (from ICRP 26)_ N/A _ICRP 103_ 0.12

_Quality Factor & Radiation Weighting Factor_ X-rays, gammas, and betas

_10 CFR 20 (from ICRP 26)_ Q = 1 _ICRP 103_ w_R = 1

_Quality Factor & Radiation Weighting Factor_ alpha particles, multiple-charged particles, fission fragments, and heavy particles of unknown charge

_10 CFR 20 (from ICRP 26)_ Q = 20 _ICRP 103_ w_R = 20

_Quality Factor & Radiation Weighting Factor_ Hi-energy protons

_10 CFR 20 (from ICRP 26)_ Q = 10 _ICRP 103_ w_R = 2

_Quality Factor & Radiation Weighting Factor_ Thermal neutrons (0.025 eV)

_10 CFR 20 (from ICRP 26)_ Q = 2 _ICRP 103_ w_R = 2.5

_Quality Factor & Radiation Weighting Factor_ Fast neutrons (1 - 20 MeV)

_10 CFR 20 (from ICRP 26)_ Q = 10 _ICRP 103_ w_R = 20 - 7 (determined by eqn)

_Quality Factor & Radiation Weighting Factor_ Relativistic Neutrons (\> 20 MeV)

_10 CFR 20 (from ICRP 26)_ Q = 3.5 _ICRP 103_ w_R = 7 - 2.5 (determined by eqn)

What is the occupational dose limit for total effective dose equivalent? (10 CFR 20)

5 rem yr^-1

What is the occupational dose limit for committed dose equivalent? (10 CFR 20)

50 rem yr^-1

What is the occupational limit for the lens dose equivalent? (10 CFR 20)

15 rem yr^-1

What is the occupational limit for shallow-dose equivalent? (10 CFR 20)

50 rem yr^-1 to the skin of the whole body or to the skin of any extremity

What is the public's limit for total effective dose equivalent? (10 CFR 20)

100 mrem yr^-1 2 mrem in any one hour

What are the different inhalation classifications? (10 CFR 20)

* D (days) ⇒ Less than 10 days * W (weeks) ⇒ From 10 to 100 days * Y (years) ⇒ More than 100 days

What are the the three factors that create a successful system of radiation protection?

Justification ⇒ No practice shall be adopted unless the introduction produces a net positive benefit. Societal (not radiation) decision. Optimization ⇒ All exposures maintained ALARA. Processes, equipment, and operational factors are designed so personnel do not exceed operational dose limits. Application of dose limits ⇒ Equivalent and effective doses shall not exceed the limits recommended for appropriate circumstances specified by the ICRP/NRC.

What does NCRP 91 recommend for lifetime exposure limits?

Lifetime exposure should be limited to “N rem" where N is the worker's age

_Protection Factors_ Full facepiece, negative pressure mode, air-purifying respirator

_Protection Factors_ Full facepiece, pressure demand mode, self-contained breathing apparatus

10,000

_Protection Factors_ Half-mask facepiece, negative pressure mode, air-purifying respirator

_Protection Factors_ Half-mask facepiece, positive pressure mode, air-purifying respirator

1,000

_Define_ Radiation area (from 10 CFR 20)

An area, accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels from radiation sources external to the body could result in an individual receiving a dose equivalent in excess of 5 mrem (0.05 mSv) in 1 hour at 30 centimeters from the radiation source or 30 centimeters from an surface that the radiation penetrates.