Calculations Flashcards
1
Q
Calculate
True count rate in a GM tube given its dead time
A
2
Q
Calculate
Concentration of a radionuclide in a living organism based on intake of a radionuclide from a secondary source
A
3
Q
Define and Calculate
Nominal ocular hazard distance
A
The intrabeam axial distance from the laser to the exposed individual’s eyes beyond which the exposure would be less than the MPE.
4
Q
Calculate / Equation
Standard deviation of net count rate
A
5
Q
Calculate
Intake of an airborne radionuclide
A
6
Q
Calculate
Dose rate given activity, emission information, and an attenuating material.
A
7
Q
Calculate the number of beam particles per second that are available to interact with an accelerator target
A
8
Q
Calculation
Energy of a photon
A
9
Q
Calculate
Activity of a material that has been activated by a neutron flux.
A
10
Q
Calculate
Steady state indoor radon concentration (from a floor source emanating radon)
A
11
Q
Calculate
The number of transformations of a radionuclide in a source organ per unit of activity taken into the body.
A
12
Q
Calculate
Extrapolation
A
13
Q
Calculate
Average power assumed to be delivered to an observer
A
14
Q
Calculate
Electric field strength (E)
A
15
Q
Define the situation that creates Secular Equilibrium (case 1).
Calculate the number of daughter atoms (ND).
A
The parent has a huge half-life, but the daughter has a small half-life.
λD >> λP
16
Q
Calculate
Dose rate from exposure rate
A
17
Q
Calculate
Exposure to short-lived radon progeny in working level months per year
A
18
Q
Calculate
Number of ion pairs produced in an ion chamber.
Charge deposited in an ion chamber.
A
19
Q
Calculate
Specific activity
A
20
Q
Calculate
Alpha particle’s range in air (E < 4 MeV)
A
Rα = 0.56E
Rα = range in cm of air at 1 atm and 15°C.
E = energy (MeV)
21
Q
Calculate
Annual collective effective dose in the control room of an accelerator facility.
A
22
Q
Calculate
Airborne activity (correcting for radon activity) in a downwind location from a fire in a facility containing plutonium.
A
23
Q
Calculate
Attenuation/transmission of primary X-ray beam from shielding of medical/dental facilities.
(NCRP 145/147)
A
24
Q
Calculate
Gain of a microwave antenna
A
25
_Calculate_
Observed gross count rate measuring beta-emitting particles near work activities presenting an airborne hazard
26
_Calculate_
Fraction of energy converted to photons via bremsstrahlung
27
_Calculate_
DAC level in an isolated room where there was an inadvertent release of source material
28
_Calculate_
The rate a radionuclide is being introduced into the atmosphere as a leak from the reactor coolant system.
29
_Calculate_
Unshielded absorbed dose rate in rad hr-1 from a shipping container emitting gamma radiation
30
_Calculate_
Dose to an organ over a period of time following a beta-emitter uptake in (µCi g-1)
(0.511 shortcut)
31
_Calculate_
Maximum power output given exposure time, MPE, and beam diameter
32
_Calculate / Equation_
Optimize gross and background counting times
33
_Calculate_
Number of pulses per second
34
_Calculate_
Risk of death using the relative risk model
35
_Calculate_
Exposure rate in a free-air ionization chamber
36
How do you calculate far field power density (W) for a microwave antenna?
37
_Thumb Rule_
Exposure rate using the 6CEN rule
38
_Describe / Calculate_
Type II Error
* Falsely concluding activity is less than the physically significant activity (PSA) when there is in fact activity actually present.
* Occurs with a probability β (typically 5%).
39
_Calculate_
MDA at a 95% confidence level
40
_Calculate_
Neutron dose equivalent in rem received by a technician during a criticality incident
41
# _Define / Calculate_
Type I Error
* Falsely concluding activity is present in a sample above the established physically significant activity (PSA) when in fact the activity is zero.
* Occurs with a probability α (typically 5%).
42
_Calculate_
Intake Retention Factor
43
_Calculate_
Internal dose to an individual who consumes contaminated fish from a river contaminated by an effluent with radionuclides
44
# Define the situation that creates No Equilibrium (case 3).
Calculate the number of daughter atoms (ND).
The parent half-life is shorter than the daughter half-life.
λD \< λP
45
_Calculate_
The activity of the parent radionuclide in the source organ
46
_Calculate_
Beta particle's range in air (E \> 2.5 MeV)
Rβ = 530E - 106
Rβ = range in mg cm-2
E = max energy (MeV)
47
State the equation to calculate activity (A).
48
Demonstrate the effect of environmental changes on a free-air ionization chamber
49
_Calculate_
Standard deviation for activity
50
# _Define and Calculate_
Relative risk
Relative risk ⇒ Measure of association in cohort studies.
51
# _Define and Calculate_
Excess relative risk
```
# * Define ⇒ Percentage change in risk.
* Ratio of the excess risk of a specified effect to the probability of the same effect in the unexposed population.
```
ERR = RR – 1
* Note ⇒ “Minus 1” because you are removing 100% of the unexposed population from the total (exposed and unexposed) population.
52
_Calculate_
Number of expected fatal cancers (given a population and HE)
53
_Calculate_
Internal dose for an individual who walks on contaminated soil from plutonium ground depositions.
54
_Calculate_
Standard deviation in background count rate
55
_Calculate_
Surface deposition of an airborne radionuclide
56
# _Define and Calculate_
Absorbed dose
Average energy (ϵ) absorbed in a volume element of a material divided by the mass (m) of that material.
57
_Calculate_
Population variance
58
_Calculate_
CEDE from an intake “q” based on ALI
59
_Calculate_
Estimated radon progeny activity concentration in a room given source count rate and sampling information (e.g., flow rate, filter retention, sample time).
60
_Calculate_
Dose rate from a plane source
61
_Calculate_
Effective removal rate constant of a radionuclide in a ventilated room
62
# _Define and Calculate_
Emerging irradiance from a laser
The energy emitted at the surface where the beam exits the laser unit
63
_Calculate_
Average power of a microwave antenna
64
# _Define and Calculate_
Excess absolute risk
* Excess absolute risk ⇒ Absolute change in risk for a given dose.
* The difference between exposed and control (unexposed, background).
* EAR = Incidence rate exposed group – Incidence rate unexposed group
65
_Calculate_
CEDE (given activity, average beta energy, mass, and effective decay constant)
(51.1 shortcut)
66
_Calculate_
Corrected CDE based on a change to the AMAD size of a particle.
67
# _Define and Calculate_
Probability of Causation
* NIH produces probability of causation tables.
* If PC is greater than 50%, the worker/survivor is eligible for compensation from the Department of Labor.
68
_Calculate_
Total energy deposited by a laser over a given period of time
69
_Calculate_
Inhalation intake following ground deposition of an airborne radionuclide
70
_Calculate_
Incidence of genetic defects
71
_Calculate_
Exposure rate using the 0.5CEN rule
72
_Calculate_
Average airborne radioactive material concentration given data from a stack releasing radioactive gas
73
Determine if TLVs were exceeded for UV light exposure
74
_Calculate_
Relative probable error of a sample count
75
_Calculate_
Average accelerator beam current
76
Calculate an beta particle's range in air (0.01 MeV \< E \< 2.5 MeV).
Rβ = 412E1.265 - 0.0954lnE
Rβ = range in mg cm-2
E = max energy (MeV)
77
_Calculate_
Activity of a sample that has been irradiated for time “τ” and removed from the irradiation source for time “t”.
78
_Calculate_
Bremsstrahlung dose rate in air from an organ (mass of tissue) containing a given concentration of a beta-emitter.
79
_Calculate_
Dose rate from a line source
80
_Calculate_
CEDE based on a volumetric concentration and DAC exposure
81
_Calculate_
Dose rate from X-rays produced 90º from a high-Z target
82
_Calculate_
CDE based on a volumetric concentration and DAC exposure
83
_Calculate_
Alpha particle's range in air (4 MeV \< E \< 8 MeV)
Rα = 1.24E - 2.62
Rα = range in cm of air at 1 atm and 15°C.
E = energy (MeV)
84
_Calculate_
Factor of KERMA change at an interface between two materials
85
_Calculate / Equation_
Minimum level of detection
86
_Calculate_
Alarm setpoint for release of radioactive gases from a reactor coolant system.
87
_Calculate_
Standard deviation for efficiency when determined from a standard of known activity
88
_Calculate_
Activity release rate from an emergency ventilation system through a high efficiency particulate (HEPA) air filter
89
_Calculate_
Maximum eye exposure time when scanning a laser across an audience
90
_Calculate_
Airborne concentration of a radionuclide that has become airborne in a room ventilated in a room with a stack exhaust
91
_Calculate_
Approximate exposure from X-ray scatter to the radiographic technologist standing nearby the patient
92
Calculate
Relative risk of genetic defects (per generation) caused by a radiation dose to a population
93
_Calculate_
Thyroid uptake and the resulting committed dose from an inhalation of 131I
94
_Calculate_
Mass of air in a free-air ionization chamber
95
_Calculate_
Activity from gross and background counts
96
# _Define and Calculate_
KERMA
Kinetic Energy Released in MAss
The sum of the initial kinetic energies of all the charged particles liberated by uncharged ionizing radiation in a sample of matter divided by the mass of the sample.
97
_Calculate_
Chi-squared
98
_Calculate_
Specific exposure rate constant.
99
_Calculate_
Activity of 131I needed to be administered to a patient to deliver a prescribe dose
100
_Calculate_
Standard deviation in gross counts
101
_Calculate / Equation_
Critical level
102
_Calculate_
Irradiance of a microwave antenna
103
# _Define and Calculate_
Magnetic field strength (H)
The force exerted on a moving charge or current.
104
_Calculate_
Initial release rate of a radionuclide from a stack, given mass and specific activity
105
State the equation to calculate the number of daughter atoms (ND) when both the parent and daugher undergo radioactive decay.
106
_Calculate_
Working levels based on equilibrium factors and radon concentration
107
_Calculate_
Absorbed dose to the thyroid from an intake of 131I (µCi)
(0.511 shortcut)
108
_Calculate_
Correction factor for a pulsed laser
109
# _Define and Calculate_
Poynting Vector
* The vector (cross) product of the electric and magnetic field strengths.
* Symbol ⇒ E×H
* Units ⇒ W m-2
110
_Calculate_
Standard deviation in activity when calculated as a function from gross and background counts
111
# _Define and calculate_
Nominal hazard zone
Area within which radiation levels from direct or scattered radiation exceed the maximum permissible exposure (MPE).
112
_Calculate_
Maximum concentration in a room with a primary to atmosphere leak that is being ventilated.
113
_Calculate_
Time between midpoint of pulses in an accelerator
114
# _Define and Calculate_
Intrinsic detector efficiency
* Ratio of number of pulses recorded to the number of radiation quanta incident on the detector.
* Optimization relies only on properties directly affecting the quanta incident to detector (e.g., window material, thickness).
115
_Calculate_
Intake activity given the time post intake, activity, and intake retention factor.
116
# _Define and Calculate_
Specific Effective Energy
The radiation-factor-weighted energy absorbed per unit mass of the target organ (T), per transformation of the nuclide in the source organ (S).
117
_Calculate_
Compton electron energy (given incident photon energy and angle of photon deflection)
118
_Calculate / Equation_
Sample variance
