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Health Physics > Non-Ionizing Radiation > Flashcards

Non-Ionizing Radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four types of lasers?

A
  1. Solid state (e.g., ruby)
  2. Gas (e.g., He, Ar, CO2)
  3. Dye (e.g., tunable dye)
  4. Semiconductor (e.g., gallium arsenide)
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2
Q

What is the wavelength for an ultraviolet laser?

A

0.18 µm – 0.40 µm

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3
Q

What is the wavelength for UV-C?

A

0.10 µm – 0.28 µm

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4
Q

What is the wavelength for UV-B?

A

0.28 µm – 0.315 µm

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5
Q

What is the wavelength for UV-A?

A

0.315 µm – 0.40 µm

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6
Q

What is the wavelength for a visible laser?

A

0.40 µm – 0.78 µm

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7
Q

What is the wavelength for a near infrared laser?

A

0.78 µm – 1.40 µm

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8
Q

What is the wavelength for a far infrared laser?

A

1.40 µm – 30.00 µm

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9
Q

Laser Hazards

0.40 µm – 1.40 µm (visible and near-IR)

Class II – IV

A
  • A focusing effect through the lens increases the effective power by a factor of 100,000.
  • Retina damage
  • Skin burns
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10
Q

Laser Hazards

  1. 315 µm – 0.40 µm (UV-A)
  2. 40 µm – 3.00 µm (mid-IR)

Class II – IV

A
  • Acute exposure ⇒ “Welder’s flash” or “snow blindness”
  • Chronic exposure ⇒ Heat absorption at the lens causes cataracts.
  • Skin burns
  • UV is carcinogenic
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11
Q

Laser Hazards

  1. 10 µm – 0.315 µm (UV-C/B)
  2. 00 µm – 10.00 µm (far IR)

Class II – IV

A
  • Temporary cornea “flash blindness” lasts for a few days.
  • Skin burns
  • UV is carcinogenic
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12
Q

What are all of the classes of lasers from least to most dangerous?

A

I Least dangerous

IIA

II

IIIA

IIIB

IV Most dangerous

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13
Q

What class of laser is a fire hazard?

A

IV

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14
Q

What classes of laser have direct ocular hazards?

A

IIA Only after 1,000 seconds

II Only after 0.25 seconds

IIIA

IIIB

IV

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15
Q

What are some beam hazards associated with lasers?

A
  • Thermal damage (burn) ⇒ Tissues are heated to the point where denaturation of protein occurs.
  • Photochemical ⇒ Light triggers chemical reactions in tissue.
  • Explosions ⇒ Rapid rise in temperature in tissue can cause rapid boiling and subsequent shockwaves to surrounding tissue.
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16
Q

Laser Hazards
(non-Beam Viewing)

What different categories are there for these laser hazards?

A
  1. Combustion
  2. Ignition
  3. Electrical
  4. Vaporization
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17
Q

Laser Hazards
(non-Beam Viewing)

Combustion

  1. Description
  2. Safety Precautions
A
  1. Anesthetic and endotracheal tube fires caused by penetration by a direct or stray laser beam.
  2. Moistened cotton around the tubes or reflective tape.
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18
Q

Laser Hazards
(non-Beam Viewing)

Ignition

  1. Description
  2. Safety Precautions
A
  1. Inadvertent laser beam exposure to paper drapes, gauze sponges, wooden tongue bales.
  2. Positive footswitch activation, aiming guides, and moist drapings
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19
Q

Laser Hazards
(non-Beam Viewing)

Electrical

  1. Description
  2. Safety Precautions
A
  1. High voltages of the equipment
  2. No wearing of metallic objects, know resuscitation procedures, don’t work with wet equipment.
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20
Q

Laser Hazards
(non-Beam Viewing)

Vaporization

  1. Description
  2. Safety Precautions
A
  1. Lasers create large quantities of smoke that can be noxious or contain tumor cells.
  2. Air evacuation / suction systems can be installed to adapt to current ventilation systems.
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21
Q

Radiant Energy

  1. Define
  2. Symbol
  3. Units
A

Radiant Energy

  1. Define ⇒ The energy of electromagnetic and gravitational radiation. It is calculated by integrating radiant flux (or power) with respect to time.
  2. Symbol ⇒ Q
  3. Units ⇒ Joule (J)
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22
Q

Radiant Flux (Power)

  1. Define
  2. Symbol
  3. Units
A
  1. Define ⇒ The radiant energy emitted, reflected, transmitted, or received, per unit time.
  2. Symbol ⇒ Φ
  3. Units ⇒ Watt (W)
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23
Q

Irradiance

  1. Define
  2. Symbol
  3. Units
A

Irradiance

  1. Define ⇒ The radiant flux (power) received by a surface, per unit area.
  2. Symbol ⇒ E
  3. Units ⇒ Watt cm-2
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24
Q

Radiant Fluence (Exposure)

  1. Define
  2. Symbol
  3. Units
A

Radiant Fluence (Exposure)

  1. Define ⇒ Energy (in Joules) received by a surface, per unit area.
  2. Symbol ⇒ H
  3. Units ⇒ Joule cm-2
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25
Q

Radiance

  1. Define
  2. Symbol
  3. Units
A

Radiance

  1. Define ⇒ The radiant flux (in watts) emitted, reflected, transmitted, or received by a given surface, per unit area, per unit solid angle.
  2. Symbol ⇒ L
  3. Units ⇒ Watt cm-2 sr-1
26
Q

Integrated Radiance

  1. Define
  2. Symbol
  3. Units
A
  1. Define ⇒ The radiance integrated over time of exposure.
  2. Symbol ⇒ Lp
  3. Units ⇒ Joule cm-2 sr-1
27
Q

What is the pathological effect would you have from the following laser?

UV-B (0.28 - 0.315 µm) and UV-C (0.10 - 0.28 µm)

A

Photokeratitis (inflammation of the cornea, equivalent to sunburn)

28
Q

What is the pathological effect from a laser in the UV-A wavelength range?

A

Photochemical cataract (clouding of the eye lens)

29
Q

What is the pathological effect from a laser in the visible wavelength range?

A

Photochemical damage to the retina, retinal burn

30
Q

What is the pathological effect from a laser in the near-IR wavelength range?

A

Cataract, retinal burn

31
Q

What is the pathological effect from a laser in the IR wavelength range?

A

Cataract, corneal burn, aqueous flare (dispersion of light)

32
Q

What are the two ranges of gain (G) for energy distribution in a microwave antenna?

A

G = 1 ⇒ “Unity gain,” Isotropic radiator (omnidirectional)

G > 1 ⇒ Energy is focused in a direction

33
Q

What are visible symptoms among personnel chronically exposed to microwaves?

A
  • Increased fatigue
  • Periodic or constant headaches
  • Extreme irritability
  • Sleepiness during work
  • Decrease in olfactory sensitivity
34
Q

What are clinical signs among personnel chronically exposed to microwaves?

A
  1. Bradycardia
  2. Hypotension
  3. Hyperthyroid
  4. Increase in blood histamine levels
35
Q

Microwave Hazards (by Frequency)

< 150 MHz

  1. Site of Major Tissue Effect
  2. Major Biological Effects
A
  1. None
  2. Body absorbs energy in the region from 30 – 100 MHz
36
Q

Microwave Hazards (by Frequency)

150 MHz – 1,200 MHz

  1. Site of Major Tissue Effect
  2. Major Biological Effects
A
  1. Lens of the eye
  2. Critical wavelength band for eye cataracts
37
Q

Microwave Hazards (by Frequency)

1,000 MHz – 10,000 MHz

  1. Site of Major Tissue Effect
  2. Major Biological Effects
A
  1. Lens of the eye
  2. Critical wavelength band for eye cataracts
38
Q

Microwave Hazards (by Frequency)

3,000 MHz – 10,000 MHz

  1. Site of Major Tissue Effect
  2. Major Biological Effects
A
  1. Top layers of skin, lens of eye
  2. Lens of eye particularly susceptible
39
Q

Microwave Hazards (by Frequency)

10,000 MHz

  1. Site of Major Tissue Effect
  2. Major Biological Effects
A
  1. Skin
  2. Skin heating with sensation of warmth
40
Q

Microwave Hazards (by Frequency)

> 10,000 MHz

  1. Site of Major Tissue Effect
  2. Major Biological Effects
A
  1. Skin
  2. Skin surface acts as reflector or absorber with heating effects
41
Q

Exposure to Static Magnetic Fields

Occupational Guideline

Whole working day

A
  • 200 mT
  • 2,000 G
42
Q

Exposure to Static Magnetic Fields

Occupational Guideline

Ceiling limit

A
  • 2 T
  • 20,000 G
43
Q

Exposure to Static Magnetic Fields

Occupational Guideline

Extremities

A
  • 5 T
  • 50,000 G
44
Q

Exposure to Static Magnetic Fields

General Public Guideline

24 Hours per Day

A
  • 40 mT
  • 400 G
45
Q

What tissues have significant energy absorption for the following wavelength laser?

(0.78 - 1.40 μm)

A

Skin, retina, cornea, and lens

46
Q

What tissues have significant energy absorption for the following wavelength laser?

Far infrared laser (1.40 - 30.00 μm)

A

Skin and cornea

47
Q

What tissues have significant energy absorption for the following wavelength laser?

UV-B (0.28 - 0.315 μm)

A

Skin and cornea

48
Q

What tissues have significant energy absorption for the following wavelength laser?

Visible laser (0.40 - 0.78 µm)

A

skin and retina

49
Q

What tissues have significant energy absorption for the following wavelength laser?

UV-C (0.315 - 0.40 μm)

A

skin and lens

50
Q

Identify and justify the anatomical structure of the eye that is most sensitive to damage for the following laser.

Far infrared, carbon dioxide laser (10.6 μm)

A
  • Cornea
  • This wavelength is strongly absorbed by most organic molecules, including those in corneal tissue, located in outer eye structure
51
Q

Identify and justify the anatomical structure of the eye that is most sensitive to damage for the following laser.

Visible, gold vapor laser (0.628 μm)

A
  • Retina
  • This wavelength is transmitted to the retina and largely absorbed in the pigmented retinal epithelium, thereby causing thermal effects and damage
52
Q

Identify and justify the anatomical structure of the eye that is most sensitive to damage for the following laser.

UV-A, nitrogen laser (0.337 μm)

A
  • Lens
  • UV-A radiation has a long wavelength and will be absorbed in the lens, producing photochemical effects, leading to possible cataracts.
53
Q

Identify and justify the anatomical structure of the eye that is most sensitive to damage for the following laser.

UV-C, krypton fluoride excimer laser (0.248 μm)

A
  • Cornea
  • Shorter wavelength UV-C radiation is strongly absorbed superficially in corneal tissues, thereby producing effects such as conjunctivitis and possible corneal clouding
54
Q

Why does MPE vary so drastically across a short spectrum of wavelengths?

A

MPEs vary significantly between wavelengths of 0.647 μm (red) and 0.530 μm (green) because retinal tissue is the major tissue at risk.

The first pathology occurs in the pigmented retinal epithelium (PRE)

The damage to the retinal tissue varies with wavelength because

  • The percentage of light transmitted to the retina and PRE varies with wavelength
  • The energies of photons and consequent thermal energy produced by absorption vary inversely with wavelength
  • The efficiency of absorption of photons by melanin the PRE varies somewhat with wavelength
55
Q

What are the effects to the skin of UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C?

A

UV-A

  • Reflected to a significant extent
  • Unless the individual is extremely (unusually) photosensitive, significant skin effects should not occur

UV-B and UV-C

  • At significant exposures, both can be expected to produce erythema, skin tanning, premature skin aging, and possible skin cancer
  • Melanoma is strongly associated with UV-B exposure
56
Q

Generic FDA Laser Class Characteristics

Class I

Class II

Class III

Class IV

A

Class I ⇒ Not an ocular hazard

Class II ⇒ 0.25 second exposure threshold

Class III ⇒ Momentary intrabeam viewing is hazardous

Class VI ⇒ Can damage skin or eye from diffuse reflection

57
Q
A
  1. Iris
  2. Pupil
  3. Cornea
  4. Lens
  5. Retina
  6. Sclera
  7. Optic nerve
58
Q

Provide an example of ELF electromagnetic radiation

A

50 – 60 Hz radiation resulting from the generation, propagation, and use of common household, commercial, and industrial alternating current

59
Q

Sketch a spatial graph of a plane, sinusoidal electromagnetic wave.

A
60
Q

List two sources of electromagnetic radiation in video display terminals.

Describe the radiation and normal operating values.

A

Examples

  • Flyback transformer
  • Electron deflection coils

The electromagnetic fields from these components are pulsed and produce a wide range of harmonic frequencies.

  • Electric field strengths at operator locations are typically about 50 V m-1
  • Magnetic field strengths at operator locations are typically about 0.50 A m-1
61
Q

What biological effect of RF electromagnetic radiation is the primary basis for establishing RF electromagnetic radiation exposure criteria?

(NCRP 86)

A

Thermal effect

62
Q

What is the ANSI recommendation for microwave exposure?

A

10 mW cm-2 averaged over 6 minutes

Health Physics (17 decks)

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