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ARRT Review > Radiation Physics and Radiobiology > Flashcards

Radiation Physics and Radiobiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 requirements to produce x-rays?

A
  1. Source of free electrons
  2. Accelerating of electrons
  3. Focusing of electrons
  4. Deceleration of electons
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2
Q

What is the source of free electrons in x-ray production?

A

Thermionic emission - mA settings determine the amount of current that will be sent to the filament

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3
Q

What accelerates the electrons in x-ray production?

A

Voltage applied to the cathode

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4
Q

What is the target area of the anode made of?

A

Tungsten with rhenium

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5
Q

What are the filament wires made of?

A

Thoriated tungsten

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6
Q

What is the focusing cup made of?

A

Molybdenum or nickel

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7
Q

What % of electrons hitting the anode are converted into x-rays?

A

1% x-rays
99% is heat

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8
Q

What is the smallest subdivision of an element that maintains all the physical and chemical properties of the element?

A

Atom

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9
Q

What makes up the nucleus of an atom?

A

Protons and nuetrons

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10
Q

What makes up the atomic number (Z)?

A

Number of protons in the nucleus

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11
Q

What makes up the atomic mass (A)?

A

Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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12
Q

What are electrons?

A

Negatively charged particles located outside the nucleus and have no mass

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13
Q

Tungsten atomic #

A

74

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14
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons in the valence shell?

A

8

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15
Q

Tungsten EBE in K,L,M,N shell

A

K=69.5
L=12
M=3
N=1

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16
Q

What is the formula to find out the number of electrons in a shell?

A

2n^2

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17
Q

What is ionization?

A

Electron is removed from an orbital shell

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18
Q

What charge will an atom of if an electron is removed?

A

Positive

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19
Q

This type of radiation occurs when a high speed electron interacts with the charge of the nucleus

A

Brems

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20
Q

What is the energy of Brems photon?

A

Equal to the amount of energy lost by the projectile electron

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21
Q

The type of radiation occurs when a high speed electron interacts with a tungsten atom and ejects an inner shell electron

A

Characteristic

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22
Q

What is the energy of the characterisitic photon?

A

Equal to the difference between the electron binding energies of the orbital shell that contained the vacancy and the orbital shell that filled the vacancy

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23
Q

Smallest bit of electromagnetic energy is:

A

Quantum or photon

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24
Q

What is frequency measured in?

A

Hz

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25
Q

What is the relationship between frequency and wavelength?

A

Inverse

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26
Q

What is the relationship between energy and and frequency?

A

Direct

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27
Q

What is secondary radiation?

A

Radiation that is emitted from atoms of matter (characteristic radiation)

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28
Q

What is remnant radiation?

A

Radiation exiting the patient

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29
Q

What are the fundaments of x-rays?

A

Travel in wave form
Form of Electromagnetic energy
Heterogeneous and polyenergetic (wide variety of wavelengths and energies)
Travel in straight lines
Can ionize matter
Travel at the speed of light
Contain no mass or electrical charge

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30
Q

What type of scatter is caused by partial absorption of the x-ray photon?

A

Compton

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31
Q

During compton scatter, the x-ray photon interacts with _______ shell electron

A

Outer

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32
Q

Compton interaction can result in foward scatter which results in:

A

Degradation of image contrast

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33
Q

Compton interaction can result in side scatter which results in:

A

Occupational exposure

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34
Q

Compton interaction can result in backward scatter which results in:

A

Patient exposure

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35
Q

What type of scatter occurs when the x-ray photon is absorbed?

A

Photoelectric

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36
Q

During photoelectric scatter, the x-ray photon interacts with _______ shell electron

A

Inner

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37
Q

What is the primary source of patient radiation exposure?

A

Photoelectric interaction

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38
Q

This type of scatter occurs when the x-ray photon interacts with the atom and excites the atom

A

Coherent (classical)

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39
Q

Unit of absorbed dose

A

Gray

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40
Q

1 Gray = ___ rads

A

100

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41
Q

Unit of dose equivalent

42
Q

1 Sv = ____ rems

43
Q

Exposure is the unit of radiation exposure that will yield _______ coulombs/kg of air

A

2.58x10^-4

44
Q

Unit of measurement of radioactivity

45
Q

What is the type of dose-response curve that shows no amount of radiation is safe

A

Non-threshold

46
Q

What is the type of dose-response curve that shows some amount of radiation is required before a measureable effect can take place

47
Q

What is the type of dose-response curve that shows that an observed response is directly proportional to the dose

48
Q

What is the type of dose-response curve that shows that an observed response is no directly proportional to the dose

A

Non-linear (curvilinear)

49
Q

What is the type of dose-response curve that shows a constantly varying slope

50
Q

What is the type of dose-response curve are x-rays?

A

Non-linear threshold

51
Q

What is the most radiosensitive cell in the body?

A

Lymphocyte

52
Q

Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states that radiosensitivity is increased or decreased with mitotic activity?

53
Q

Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states that radiosensitivity is increased or decreased with cell maturity?

54
Q

Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states that radiosensitivity is increased or decreased with increased specialization?

55
Q

Rank the following in least radiosensitive to most radiosensitive

Stem cell
Muscle
Lymphocyte
Nerve

A

Nerve
Muscle
Stem cell
Lymphocyte

56
Q

Defines the rate of energy deposited per unit track length

A

Linear Energy Transfer (LET)

57
Q

As LET increases, the quality factor for a given form of radiation will:

58
Q

Defines the ability of aerobic conditions to enhance the effectiveness of radiation

A

Oxygen effect

59
Q

Increasing the oxygenation of a cell, _________ the cell’s sensitivity to radiation

60
Q

What is the oxygen enhancement ratio for human tissue?

61
Q

Defines the ability produce biologic damage

A

Relative Biologic Effectiveness (RBE)

62
Q

Increasing the LET of radiation will result in a/an _________ of RBE

63
Q

Are diagnostic x-rays considered low or high LET?

64
Q

As LET increases, CSR will

65
Q

Radiation interaction with water

A

Radiolysis

66
Q

What is a free radical?

A

Highly reactive and unstable substance

67
Q

Free radicals can combine to form toxic substances such as hydrogen peroxide. What is the chemical compound of hydrogen peroxide?

68
Q

Radiation is __________ (indirectly/directly) the cause of biologial damage

A

Indirectly

69
Q

Interphase death is also known as:

70
Q

What is interphase death?

A

Cell dies without attempting to divide

71
Q

What is mitotic death?

A

Cell goes through one or two mitotic phases and then dies

72
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Teleophase

73
Q

What phase of mitosis is the cell most sensitive?

74
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

DNA is copied

75
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Chromosomes pair up

76
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Choromosomes line up at the equator

77
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids pull apart

78
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Cell pinches in the middle and two identical daughter cells are formed

79
Q

At what absorbed dose can a mitotic delay occur?

80
Q

At what absorbed dose can reproductive failure occur?

A

1000-10000 mGy

81
Q

Epilation, nausea, vomitting, erythema, fatigue, and epistaxis are examples of what type of effects?

A

Short term

82
Q

Does acute or chronic exposure result in a greater life span shortening?

A

Acute (large dose over a short period of time)

83
Q

How many grays = 10 days of life span shortening

84
Q

What is the most radiosensitive part of the eye?

A

Lens of the eye

85
Q

Cataracts follow what type of dose-response curve?

A

Nonlinear, threshold

86
Q

Thyroid follows what type of dose-response curve?

A

Linear, nonthreshold

87
Q

Breast follows what type of dose-response curve?

A

Linear, nonthreshold

88
Q

Skin follows what type of dose-response curve?

89
Q

What dose can cause permanent sterility in males?

90
Q

What dose can cause genetic mutations in males?

91
Q

What is carcinogenesis?

A

Cancer formation after long exposure to radiation

92
Q

What is the difference between local and general somatic effects?

A

Local is limited to the exposed individual and the specific area of exposure

General is the radiation effects of the whole body

93
Q

Are stochastic effects threshold or nonthreshold?

A

Nonthreshold

94
Q

What are the 3 reasons children are especially sensitive to radiation?

A

Cells reproduce more frequently

Longer life expectancy which gives long-term somatic effects time to develop

Larger percentage of body is exposed to radiation

95
Q

Hemopoietic syndrome (bone marrow syndrome) occurs with exposure doses ranging between:

96
Q

When does death occur during hemopoietic syndrome?

97
Q

Gastrointestinal syndrome occurs with exposure doses ranging between:

98
Q

What are symptoms of GI syndrome?

A

Nausea, vomitting, fatigue

99
Q

When does death occur with GI syndrome?

A

One week after exposure

100
Q

Central nervous system syndrome (cardiovascular) occurs with exposure doses over:

101
Q

When does death occur with CNS syndrome?

A

Within hours or day

ARRT Review (11 decks)

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