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ARRT Review > Head, Spine, & Pelvis Procedures > Flashcards

Head, Spine, & Pelvis Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the angle of petrous ridges to the MSP in a mesocephalic skull shape?

A

47 degrees

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2
Q

What is the angle of petrous ridges to the MSP in a brachycephalic skull shape?

A

54 degrees

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3
Q

What is the angle of petrous ridges to the MSP in a dolichocephalic skull shape?

A

40 degrees

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4
Q

What is perp to the IR in a Skull AP Axial projection?

A

OML and MSP

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5
Q

What is the CR angle in a Skull AP axial projection? What is perp to the IR?

A

30 degrees - OML
37 degrees - IOML

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6
Q

Where is the CR in a Skull AP axial projection?

A

2-3” superior to the supercilliary ridge

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7
Q

In a Skull AP axial projection, proper positioning and CR angulation is determined by the symmetry of the skull and the ______ projected within the foramen magnum

A

Dorsum sallae and posterior clinoids

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8
Q

What is perp to the IR in a Skull PA axial projection (Caldwell)?

A

OML and MSP

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9
Q

What is the CR angle in a Skull PA axial projection?

A

15 caudal

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10
Q

Where does the CR exit in a Skull PA axial projection?

A

Nasion

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11
Q

What is demonstrated in a Skull PA axial projection?

A

Frontal bone, peterior ridges projected in the lower 1/3 of the orbits

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12
Q

Where does the CR exit in a PA Skull projection?

A

Glabella

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13
Q

What is demonstrated in a PA Skull projection?

A

Frontal bone, petrous ridges fill the orbits

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14
Q

What is perp and parallel to the IR in the SMV projection?

A

CR is perp; IOML is parallel

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15
Q

Where is the CR directed in the SMV projection?

A

Through sella turcica

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16
Q

Why should facial bones be done upright whenever possible?

A

To demonstrate air-fluid levels

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17
Q

What is perp to the IR in lateral facial bones projection?

A

IPL

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18
Q

Where is the CR directed in a lateral facial bones projection?

A

Perp to the zygoma (midway between the EAM and outer canthus)

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19
Q

Where is the CR directed in a lateral skull projection?

A

2” superior to the EAM

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20
Q

What is perp to the IR in a waters projection?

A

MML

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21
Q

In a waters projection, OML forms a __ degree angle with the IR

A

37 degree

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22
Q

What is demonstrated in a waters view?

A

Petrous ridges projected below the maxillary sinuses

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23
Q

What is perp to the IR in a modified waters projection?

A

LML

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24
Q

What angle is OML to the IR in a modified waters projection?

A

55 degrees

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25
Q

When is a modified waters projection used?

A

Blowout fracture

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26
Q

What is the CR angle in a mandible axiolateral oblique?

A

25 degrees cephalic

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27
Q

What is the best mandible position to see the ramus?

A

Lateral

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28
Q

What is the best mandible position to see the body?

A

Patient’s head rotated 30 degrees towards IR

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29
Q

What is the best mandible position to see the mentum?

A

Patient’s head rotated 45 degrees towards the IR

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30
Q

T/F open and closed views are taken of both sides for TMJ?

A

True

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31
Q

What is demonstrated in a waters projection for nasal bones?

A

Nasal septum and roof of the nasal cavity

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32
Q

Where is the CR in a lateral nasal bones projection?

A

1/2” below nasion

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33
Q

What sinuses are views in a lateral projection?

A

All four

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34
Q

What sinuses are viewed in a PA Caldwell?

A

Front and anterior ethmoid

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35
Q

What sinuses are viewed in a waters?

A

Maxillary
Sphenoid in open mouth view

36
Q

What sinuses are viewed in SMV?

A

Anterior ethmoid and posterior sphenoid

37
Q

What is the angle of the CR for AP axial c-spine?

A

15-20 cephalic

38
Q

What is demonstrated in a AP axial c-spine projection?

A

Anterior view of intervertebral disk space and vertebral bodies

39
Q

What is demonstrated in AP c-spine open mouth projection?

A

First z-joints, body and dens of C2, lateral masses

40
Q

How is the head positioned in an AP c-spine open mouth projection?

A

Occlusal plane is perp to the IR (mastoid tip to the lower margin of the upper incisors)

41
Q

What is demonstrated in a lateral c-spine projection?

A

Vertebral bodies, intervertebral joints, articular facets and z-joints

42
Q

What is demonstrated in a AP/PA axial c-spine projection?

A

Intervertebral foramina

43
Q

What is the CR angle for AP/PA axial c-spine projection?

A

AP - 15-20 cephalic
PA - 15-20 caudal

44
Q

What c-spine foramina is seen in anterior obliques?

45
Q

What c-spine foramina is seen in posterior obliques?

46
Q

What view is used for pre and post c-spine surgical fusion or whiplash?

A

Lateral flexion and extension

47
Q

What is demonstrated in AP dens view?

A

Dens within the foramen magnum

48
Q

Where is the CR for AP t-spine?

49
Q

How should patient be positioned for AP t-spine to utilize anode heel effect?

A

Lower portion of t-spine toward cathode side

50
Q

How long is a breathing technique?

A

2.5 - 4 seconds

51
Q

If a breathing technique is not used for a lateral t-spine, when should the exposure be taken?

A

Expiration

52
Q

Why should the patient flex their knees for AP l-spine?

A

Reduces the lordotic curve, reduces OID, opens joint spaces

53
Q

Where is the CR for AP/PA l-spine?

54
Q

What views require a breathing technique?

A

Lat t-spine
RAO sternum
Transthoracic
Soft tissue lat neck
AP scapula

55
Q

What view is used to demonstrate spondylolisthesis?

A

Lateral l-spine

56
Q

What is spondylolisthesis?

A

Forward slipping of lumber vertebra

57
Q

What is the CR angle for the L5-S1 spot? (male and female)

A

Male: 3-5 caudal
Female: 5-8 caudal

58
Q

How much is patient rotated for oblique l-spine positions?

A

45 degrees

59
Q

What side is demonstrated in l-spine posterior obliques?

60
Q

Where is the CR for AP axial sacrum/coccyx?

A

Sacrum - 15 cephalic; midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis

Coccyx - 10 caudal; 2” above pubic symphysis

61
Q

Where is contrast injected for a myelogram?

A

Subarachnoid space

62
Q

How is contrast injected for a myelogram?

A

Intrathecal (within the spinal canal) injection

63
Q

What is the CR for AP axial SI joints? (males and females)

A

Males - 30 cephalic
Females - 35 cephalic
2” above pubic symphysis

64
Q

How is the patient positioned for posterior oblique SI joints?

A

Side of interest is elevated 25-30 degrees

65
Q

Where is the CR for posterior oblique SI joints?

A

1” medial and 1.5” distal to the upside ASIS

66
Q

What is demonstrated in AP hip projection?

A

Greater trochanter in profile laterally

67
Q

How much is a patient’s leg rotated in AP hip projection?

A

15 degrees

68
Q

Where is the CR directed for AP hip?

A

2.5” distal to the midpoint of the line drawn between the pubic symphysis and ASIS

69
Q

What is the proper name for x-table hip?

A

Danelius-Miller

70
Q

How is IR placed for x-table hip?

A

Parallel to the femoral neck

71
Q

What is the proper name for unilateral frog-leg?

A

Modified cleaves

72
Q

What is demonstrated in frog-leg?

A

Lesser trochanter in profile medially

73
Q

How much should a patient’s leg be abducted in a frog-leg?

A

40-45 degrees

74
Q

What is the proper name for axiolateral inferosuperior hip projection?

A

Clements-Nakayama

75
Q

When is an axiolateral inferosuperior hip projection used?

A

Bilateral hip fractures

76
Q

How are legs and feet rotated for AP pelvis?

A

15-20 degrees internally

77
Q

Where is the CR for AP pelvis?

A

2” superior to pubic symphysis

78
Q

What is the proper name for the Inlet projection?

A

Bridgeman method

79
Q

Where is the CR for the inlet projection and what is the angle?

A

ASIS, 40 caudal

80
Q

What does the inlet view demonstrate?

A

Anterior pubic and ischial bones and the pubic symphysis

81
Q

What is the proper name for the Outlet projection?

82
Q

Where is the CR and what is the angle for the outlet projection? (male and female)

A

Male: 20-35 cephalic; 2” distal to the superior border of pubic symphysis

Female: 30-45 cephalic; 2” distal to the superior border of pubic symphysis

83
Q

What is demonstrated on outlet projection?

A

Pelvic rami without foreshortening

84
Q

What is the proper name for the posterior oblique pelvis projection?

85
Q

In the Judet projection, what is shown when the affected side is down?

A

Anterior rim of acetabulum
Posterior ischial spine

ARRT Review (11 decks)

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