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ARRT Review > Image Acquisition and Technical Evaluation > Flashcards

Image Acquisition and Technical Evaluation Flashcards

1
Q

How does an increase in mAs affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - Increase
Spat Res - No effect
Distortion - No effect

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2
Q

How does an increase in kVp affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - Increase
Spat Res - No effect
Distortion - No effect

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3
Q

How does an increase in OID affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - No effect
Spat Res - Decrease
Distortion - Increase (size)

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4
Q

How does an increase in SID affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - Decrease
Spat Res - Increase
Distortion - Decrease (size)

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5
Q

How does an increase in FSS affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - No effect
Spat Res - Decrease
Distortion - No effect

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6
Q

How does an increase in grid ratio affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - Decrease
Spat Res - No effect
Distortion - No effect

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7
Q

How does an increase in tube filtration affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - Decrease
Spat Res - No effect
Distortion - No effect

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8
Q

How does an increase in beam restriction affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - Decrease
Spat Res - No effect
Distortion - No effect

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9
Q

How does an increase in motion affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - No effect
Spat Res - Decrease
Distortion - No effect

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10
Q

How does an increase in anode heel effect affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - Decrease
Spat Res - No effect
Distortion - No effect

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11
Q

How does an increase in patient size affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - Decrease
Spat Res - Decrease
Distortion - Increase (size)

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12
Q

How does an additive pathology affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - Decrease
Spat Res - No effect
Distortion - No effect

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13
Q

How does an increase in angle (tube, part, receptor) affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - No effect
Spat Res - Decrease
Distortion - Increase (shape)

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14
Q

How does an increase in pixel size affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - No effect
Spat Res - Decrease
Distortion - No effect

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15
Q

How does an increase in pixel pitch affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - No effect
Spat Res -Decrease
Distortion - No effect

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16
Q

How does an increase in DEL fill factor affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - Increase
Spat Res - Increase
Distortion - No effect

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17
Q

How does an increase in sampling frequency (CR) affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - No effect
Spat Res - Increase
Distortion - No effect

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18
Q

How does an increase in matrix size affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - No effect
Spat Res - Increase
Distortion - No effect

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19
Q

How does an increase in FOV affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - No effect
Spat Res - Decrease
Distortion - No effect

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20
Q

How does an increase in MTF affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - No effect
Spat Res - Increase
Distortion - No effect

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21
Q

How does an increase in DQE affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - Increase
Spat Res - No effect
Distortion - No effect

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22
Q

How does an increase in DEL size affect receptor exposure, spatial resoulation, and distortion?

A

RE - No effect
Spat Res - Decrease
Distortion - No effect

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23
Q

What is the main controller of spatial resolution in DR?

A

Pixels

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24
Q

What is the main controller of spatial resolution in CR?

A

Sampling frequency

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25
Q

Definition of MTF:

A

Measurement of systems ability to transfer object information to the image

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26
Q

Definition of DQE:

A

Measurement of systems ability to convert xray intensity into electronic signal

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27
Q

What is a good number for MTF?

A

.7 - .9

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28
Q

As FOV increases for a fixed matrix size, the size of each pixel:

A

Increases

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29
Q

For a fixed FOV with an increase in matrix size, the size of each pixel:

A

Decreases

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30
Q

Rank from least dense to most dense:
Bone, Water, Air, Muscle, Fat

A

Air
Fat
Water
Muscle
Bone

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31
Q

What is the 15% rule?

A

A 15% increase or decrease in kVp, keeping all other factors constant, will result in doubling or halving receptor exposure

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32
Q

It is determined that an underexposed abdominal radiograph needs to be repeated with the exposure factors doubled. If the original exposure factors were 70@32, what new exposure factors should be used to improve this image?

A

80.5@32

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33
Q

What is the grid ratio?

A

Height/Distance or Width of interspace

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34
Q

To maintain a desired amount of receptor exposure, changes in ____ are required to compensate for the presence of a grid

A

mAs

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35
Q

Grid conversion formula

A

Old mAs/New mAs = Old GF/New GF

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36
Q

Grid ratio multiplication factors:

A

No grid/IR speed - 1
5:1 - 2
6:1 - 3
8:1 - 4
10:1 - 5
12:1 - 5
16:1 - 6

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37
Q

When converting from an 8:1 grid to a 12:1 grid, the radiographer would need to increase mAs from 20 to ___ in order to maintain the same receptor exposure

A

25

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38
Q

Additive diseases that affect multiple sites:

A

Edema
Tumor

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39
Q

Additive diseases that affect the chest:

A

Atelectasis
Cardiomegaly
CHF
Pleural Effusion
Pneumonia
TB

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40
Q

Additive diseases that affect the abdomen:

A

Ascites

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41
Q

Additive diseases that affect extremities and the skull:

A

Hydrocephalus
Paget’s disease

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42
Q

Destructive diseases that affect multiple sites:

A

Atrophy

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43
Q

Destructive diseases that affect the chest

A

Emphysema
Pneumothorax

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44
Q

Destrucitve diseases that affect the abdomen

A

Bowel obstruction

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45
Q

Destructive diseases that affect extremities and the skull

A

Carcinoma
Degenerative arthritis
Gout
Multiple myeloma
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis

46
Q

What is the anode heel effect?

A

Variation in x-ray beam intensity with an increase in beam intensity toward the cathode end of the beam and a decrease in intensity toward the anode end of the beam

47
Q

When is the anode heel effect most prominent?

A

When attempting to produce images that require a long field size combined with a body part of varying part thickness at its extremes (AP tspine, AP femur)

48
Q

When needed, place the thickest portion of the anatomy toward the _______ side

49
Q

What is the pimary controlled factor of subject contrast?

50
Q

What is umbra?

A

Area of image sharpness

51
Q

What is penumbra?

A

Area of unsharpness surrounding the image

52
Q

Is penumbra greater on the anode or cathode side?

53
Q

What is ARP (automatically programmed radiography) and when is it used?

A

Pre-programmed technique charts

Used in table top exams

54
Q

What is a fixed kVp chart and what are the pros/cons?

A

Fixed kVp, variable mAs

Contrast is more consistent, but more repeats due to longer exposure times and more patient motion

55
Q

What is a variable kVp chart and what are the pros/cons?

A

Variable kVp, fixed mAs. kVp is determined by using calipers to measure body part thickness.

Assures the penetration of the object, but contrast is not consistent

56
Q

When using a variable kVp chart, a __ kV change is made for each centimeter in part thickness

57
Q

How much should kVp increase for wet plaster casts?

58
Q

How much should kVp increase for dry plaster casts?

59
Q

How much should kVp increase for fiberglass casts?

60
Q

Parts measuring greater than ____ cm require the use of a grid

61
Q

How does a tech adjust the rate of exposure when using AEC?

A

Density control

62
Q

How is spatial resolution measured?

63
Q

What is the smallest area depcited in an image?

64
Q

How is the size of a pixel measured?

A

End to end

65
Q

How is the pitch of a pixel measured?

A

Center to center

66
Q

As pixel size increases, spatial resolution:

67
Q

As pixel pitch increases, spatial resoltuion:

68
Q

What is pixel density?

A

Number of pixels per mm

69
Q

How is pixel density determined?

A

By pixel size and pitch

70
Q

As pixel size decreases, pixel density:

71
Q

DEL size is used with _____ capture radiography

72
Q

As DEL increases, spatial resoltuion:

73
Q

What is the DEL fill factor?

A

Ratio of pixels light sensitive area versus total area

74
Q

A two dimensional array of pixels (x and y)

75
Q

Matrix size is the total number of:

76
Q

Matrix size is dependant upon:

A

FOV and pixel density

77
Q

FOV is 35cm by 43cm at 5 pixels/mm. What is the matrix size?

A

3,762,500

350mm x 5 = 1750
430mm x 5 = 2150
1750 x 2150 = 3,762,500

78
Q

Increase in IR size results in an _______ in matrix size

79
Q

Decreasing pixel size results in __________ matrix size and _________ spatial resolution

A

Increased
Increased

80
Q

Decreasing pixel size ___________ visibility of small structures and __________ spatial resoltuion

A

Increases
Increases

81
Q

T/F spatial resolution is related to exposure amount

82
Q

The number of pixels sampled per mm as the laser scans each line of the imaging plate

A

Sampling frequency

83
Q

Increasing the sampling frequency results in the laser moving in a smaller distance and ________ spatial resolution

84
Q

The relationship between the sampling frequency and spatial resolution

A

Nyquist frequency

85
Q

What is the minimum rate at which a signal can be sampled without producing errors?

86
Q

If 10 pixels/mm are scanned, Nyquist frequency is a maximum of:

87
Q

Results from x-ray deposition of energy in a detector

88
Q

A series of exposure values used to produce an acceptable image. It is the lightest light to the darkest darks that can be seen.

A

Dynamic range

89
Q

Greater dynamic range will yield greater:

A

Contrast resolution

90
Q

Ability of a system to both over and under expose yet still produce an acceptable image.

A

Exposure latitutde

91
Q

_______ is a range within the dynamic range

A

Exposure latitude

92
Q

Results from extaneous information and limits the ability to visualize objects

93
Q

Results when too few x-rays reach the IR

A

Quantum noise

94
Q

Increased __________ results in decreased noise

95
Q

An increased SNR = a/an _________ in visbility spatial resolution

96
Q

What image information is required for legal considerations?

A

Name and ID number
Markers
Exam date
Hopsital/clinic name where exam was performed

97
Q

A minimum mAs change of ___% is necessary to yield a noticeable RE change

98
Q

Where will grid cutoff take place when using a grid outside the established focal range?

A

Lead strips on both lateral edges

99
Q

Where will grid cutoff take place when there is lateral decentering to a focused grid angulation?

A

Strips of more frequency one side more than the other

100
Q

Where will grid cutoff take place if a reciprocating grid is stopped during the exposure?

A

Uniform appearance of lead strips across the entire image

101
Q

Where will grid cutoff take place if a grid is placed upside down?

A

Complete cutoff towards both ends of the image

102
Q

Where will grid cutoff take place if a grid is placed off-level?

A

Lead strips across the entire image

103
Q

A wave-like or watery appearance of an image is referred to as:

A

Moire pattern

104
Q

When does the Moire pattern occur?

A

When two linear grids are placed on top of each other and the lead lines are not aligned at right angles with one another

105
Q

The moire pattern may occur with digital subtraction images if there is a misalignment of:

106
Q

How does the Moire pattern occur in CR?

A

Laser light in CR reader runs parallel with the area of the grid lines

107
Q

How can the Moire pattern be avoided in CR?

A

Use a grid frequency of at least 60 lines per cm

108
Q

Image magnification is increased by:

A

Long OID
Short SID

109
Q

What is the best way to minimize magnification?

A

Short OID (longer SID will result in a greater entrance exposure to the patient)

110
Q

What causes shape distortion?

A

Angulation of the tube, part, IR, and motion

111
Q

What causes a ghost image?

A

Insufficient erasure of an image

ARRT Review (12 decks)

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