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Dental Hygiene: Radiology > Radiation Characteristics > Flashcards

Radiation Characteristics Flashcards

1
Q

What does the transformer do

A

alters voltage of incoming electric current

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2
Q

Cathode

A

-negatively charged
-supplies electrons to generate x-rays

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3
Q

Anode

A

-positively charged
-target for the electrons; converts the electrons into x-ray photons

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4
Q

Quality

A

amount of energy (penetrating power) of the x-ray beam ( kV)

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5
Q

Quantity

A

-number of photons in the primary x-ray beam
-product of current (mA) and exposure time (s)

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6
Q

Intensity

A

amount of energy emitted from source/ time and unit surface area

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7
Q

What primarily controls quality of the x-ray beam (wavelength and energy)

A

Kilovoltage

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8
Q

shorter wavelengths=

A

more penetrating power

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9
Q

longer wavelengths=

A

less penetrating power

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10
Q

What determines the speed of electrons that travels from cathode to anode?

A

Voltage (measured in kilovoltage due to use of high voltage in dental units)

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11
Q

1 Kilovolt (Kv) =

A

1000 volts

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12
Q

What is the range of kV used for dental radiographs

A

65kV to 100kV

*MCCC capable of producing 65kV

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13
Q

What is kilovoltage peak (kVp)

A

the maximum peak of voltage

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14
Q

Density

A

overall blackness or darkness of the image

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15
Q

Radiolucent

A

black areas

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16
Q

Radiopaque

A

white areas

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17
Q

True or False; Increase kVp increases density and vice versa

A

True

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18
Q

In order to maintain proper density, when kVp is increased what must be decreased

A

exposure time

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19
Q

Contrast

A

difference in degrees of density on the radiograph

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20
Q

High contrast

A

image has many black areas and many white areas with few shades of gray
-good for caries detection

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21
Q

Low contrast

A

image has many shades of gray
-good for detecting periodontal disease

22
Q

higher kilovoltage= ______ contrast

A

lower

23
Q

What is the purpose of a step wedge

A

-help calibrate the x-ray machine
-demonstrate density steps on the image corresponding to thickness
**usually made of aluminum

24
Q

short scale image

A

low kVp
high contrast

25
Q

long scale image

A

-high kVp
-low contrast

26
Q

Kilovoltage and exposure time are inversely related. What does this mean?

A

when you increase one you need to decrease the other

27
Q

What is the kilovoltage peak rule?

A

When kVp is decreased by 15, exposure time should be doubled
ex// 90kVp -> 75kVp
18 impulses -> 36 impulses
-vice versa is true; increase by 15 decrease exposure time by half

28
Q

What is quantity measured in?

A

milliamperes (mA)

29
Q

Dental units operate on _____ amperage.

A

low

30
Q

1 milliampere=

A

1/1000 Ampere (A)

31
Q

What is the function of milliamperage (mA)

A

to regulate the temperature of cathode filament

32
Q

an increase in mA=

A

increase in # of x-rays produce (quantity)
-increase temperature of tungsten filament
-increase in # of electrons traveling from cathode to anode

33
Q

What is the range for milliamperage used in dental units

A

7mA to 15mA

34
Q

Milliamperage controls…

A

Quantity and density

35
Q

True or False: Milliamperage and exposure time are inversely related

A

True

36
Q

What factors influence the intensity of the x-ray beam

A

-kilovoltage (kV)
-milliamperage (mA)
-exposure time
-distance

37
Q

Target-surface distance

A

distance from source of radiation to patients skin

38
Q

Target-object distance

A

distance from source of radiation to the tooth

39
Q

Target-receptor distance

A

distance from source of radiation to the receptor

40
Q

What is the half-value layer (HVL)

A

-thickness of aluminum filter that reduces intensity of xray beam by half
-measuring HVL determines penetrating quality
-higher HVL=more penetrating power

41
Q

Density is controlled by…

A

-kilovoltage peak
-milliamperage
-exposure time
-patient age, size and mass

42
Q

What are the geometric characteristics of radiographic images?

A

-sharpness
-magnification
-distortion

43
Q

Penumbra

A

fuzzy unclear area on the edges of a radiographic image, present in every radiograph

44
Q

Sharpness is influenced by…

A

-focal spot size
-film composition
-movement

45
Q

The smaller the focal spot, the ______ the image and vice versa.

A

sharper

46
Q

Fast film with large crystals produce more or less image sharpness

A

less image sharpness

47
Q

Slow film with smaller crystal produces more or less image sharpness

A

more image sharpness

48
Q

What causes an increase in magnification

A

increasing object receptor distance

49
Q

What factors influence distortion?

A

•object-receptor alignment
•x-ray beam angulation

50
Q

What are some structures that may appear radiolucent and what are some that may appear radiopaque

A

radiolucent:
-pulp
-periodontal ligament space
-sinus cavaties
-caries
radiopaque
-enamel
-dental
-bone
-most dental materials
-tori

Dental Hygiene: Radiology (17 decks)

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