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Toxicology > Radiation > Flashcards

Radiation Flashcards

1
Q

where does most exposure come from?

A

Natural sources, radon

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2
Q

when were X-rays discovered and by whom?

A

Roentgen in 1895

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3
Q

who discovered that uranium salts emit ionising radiation?

A

Becquerel in 1896

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4
Q

what cells are more sensitive to ionising radiation

A

undifferentiated cells

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5
Q

what tissues are more sensitive to ionising radiation

A

young tissues

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6
Q

Are tissues/cells with higher or lower metabolic activity more sensitive to ionising radiation?

A

higher

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7
Q

are cells that divide faster more sensitive to ionising radiation?

A

yes

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8
Q

who showed that ionising radiation was mutagenic

A

Muller

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9
Q

when was it discovered that radiation could cause hydrolysis of water and generation of free radicals

A

1940s

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10
Q

what was the result of Chernobyl

A

Increase in cases of thyroid cancer

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11
Q

what area was first to be struck by a nuclear strike

A

hisoshima

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12
Q

how do we gather information of the effects of health risk of ionising radiation

A

survivors

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13
Q

what four ways can we gather info on effects of ionising radiation

A

survivors
medical exposure
ionising exposure
environmental exposure

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14
Q

in what country is there high enivronmental exposure to radiation

A

Ramsar, Iran

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15
Q

why dont people develop cancer early in their lives

A

presence of antioxidants

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16
Q

what does 1 gray stand for

A

1 joule of energy absorbed per kg of tissue

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17
Q

define linear energy transfer

A

the rate of transfer to a tissue

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18
Q

characteristics of molecules with high energy transfer

A
  1. interact with water very quickly
  2. deposit energy very quickly over short track
  3. intense
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19
Q

which radiation has a low energy transfer

A

X-rays and gamma rays

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20
Q

characteristics of molecules with low energy transfer

A
  1. less likely to interact with water

2. can go through cells without depositing any energy

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21
Q

How to work out Sievert

A

1 Grey x waiting factor

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22
Q

two categories of ionising radiation

A
  1. deterministic

2. stochasitc

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23
Q

three examples of deterministic radiation

A
  1. radiation sickness
  2. damage to skin
  3. cataracts
24
Q

how does deterministic differ from stochastic

A

With deterministic as dose increases so does the severity and frequency. Whilst with stochastic severity dose not increase with dose

25
Q

example of stochastic

A

genetic damage and cancer

26
Q

what four areas does acute exposure to radiation have an effect on ?

A
  1. skin
  2. reproductive system
  3. digestive
  4. cytogeneic
27
Q

what are the long term effects of radiation exposure? (4|)

A
  1. eyes
  2. damage to immune system
  3. cancer
  4. foetus
28
Q

what are the four most common cancers due to radiation exposure

A
  1. breast
  2. thyroid
  3. leukemias
  4. alimentary tract
29
Q

what did Muller show in 1927 regarding flies

A

ionizing radiation is mutagenic to flies

30
Q

how does oxygen effect cell killing

A

it increases it

31
Q

what does exposure to radium-based paints result in

A

condition similar to ‘phossy jaw’

32
Q

how are we exposed to polonium-210

A

through radioactive decay of radon-222

33
Q

is radiation-induced genetic damage a stochastic or deterministic effect

A

deterministic

34
Q

is radiation-induced cancer a stochastic or deterministic effect

A

stochastic

35
Q

do radiation-induced cancer have a lag period

A

yes, several years

36
Q

what does radiation-induced radiolysis cause

A

generation of reactive oxygen species

37
Q

what is more likely to cause radiation-induced radiolysis

A

alpha-particles

38
Q

what does radiation-induced radiolysis of water produce

A

hydroxyl radicals, 2 which form hydrogen peroxide

39
Q

what does decaying of U-238 produce?

A

Rd-226

40
Q

what does Rn-222 emit

A

LET radiation

41
Q

where in England is exposure to Rn-222 highest

A

Cornwall and Devon

42
Q

what does Radon-222 increase risk of

A

lung cancer

43
Q

what two things increase the risk of bone cancer

A

stronium-90 and Caesium-137

44
Q

what increases the risk of thyroid cancer

A

iodine-131

45
Q

what three things does the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau state

A
  1. stem cells more radiosensitive than mature
  2. tissues with highest cell turnovers more sensitive
  3. adult tissues/organs less sensitive
46
Q

when are children irradiated in utero more likely to have impaired cognitive function

A

4 to 20 week

47
Q

what can exposure to radiation in utero result in

A

prenatal death

48
Q

when can childhood leukemi aoccur

A

from in utero irradiation at any stage in gestation

49
Q

when is incidence of congenital abnormalities most frequent

A

following exposure during the period of organogenesis

50
Q

what is radon

A

radioactive gas

51
Q

who is radon hazardous to

A

uranium miners

52
Q

where is radon most commonly found

A

underlying rock is granite

53
Q

can you survive doses of 100 gy

A

no

54
Q

what do doses of 10 to 50 gy do to the GI tract

A

cause irreversible damage

55
Q

what do doses of 2 to 5 cause

A

radiation sickness

56
Q

what does 2 to 5 gy effect

A

haemoatopoietic system

Toxicology (9 decks)

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