Developmental Toxicology

Question 1

what is Isotretinoin used to treat

Answer 1

severe acne

Question 2

what is Isotretinoin also known as

Answer 2

13-cis-retinoic acid

Question 3

what is a teratogen drug

Answer 3

one that can disturb the development of the embryo/fetus

Question 4

what drug is highly teratogenic

Answer 4

Isotretinoin

Question 5

what are the birth defects that Isotretinoin causes referred to as?

Answer 5

pattern of birth defects known as Vitamin A embryopathy

Question 6

What did McBride and Lenz first suggest

Answer 6

that thalidomide was teratogenic

Question 7

what is a hallmark of thalidomides teratogenicity

Answer 7

reduction abnormalities of the limbs

Question 8

what do thalidomides teratogenic effects include (2)

Answer 8

anotia, absence of ears

Phocomelia

Question 9

where does thalidomide still cause brith defects

Answer 9

brazil

Question 10

what does thalidomide inhibit

Answer 10

angiogenesis

Question 11

what does binding of thalidomide to Cereblon inhibit

Answer 11

ubiquitination of proteins

Question 12

what effect does thalidomide have on cytoskeleton

Answer 12

disruption of the actin of cytoskeleton of endothelial cells

Question 13

what is the overall incidence of major birth defects in love births

Answer 13

4-6%

Question 14

how much do genetic factors contribute to birth defects

Answer 14

15%

Question 15

how much do environmental factors contribute to birth defects

Answer 15

10%

Question 16

how much do xenobiotics contribute to abnormalities

Answer 16

2-4%

Question 17

what was diethylstillboesterol used to prevent

Answer 17

miscarriage

Question 18

how was diethylstillboesterol used in cattle sheep and poultry

Answer 18

as a growth promoter

Question 19

how has diethylstillboesterol negatively impacted women

Answer 19

induce vaginal adenocarcinomas in young women who were exposed in utero

Question 20

why is diethylstillboesterol dangerous for families

Answer 20

may have multigenerational effects in man

Question 21

when was thalidomide released and what was its use

Answer 21

1950s as a sedative drug

Question 22

what can thalidomide potentially cause

Answer 22

peripheral neuropathy

Question 23

what is thalidomides status in aqueous solution

Answer 23

unstable

Question 24

what can thalidomide undergo

Answer 24

oxidative biotransformation

Question 25

how does thalidomide exist

Answer 25

as R and S enantiomers

Question 26

what do diethylstillboesterol and thalidomide have in common

Answer 26

both transplacental carcinogens

Question 27

define aneugen and what drug is one?

Answer 27

substance that causes a daughter cell to have an abnormal number of chromosomes, diethylstillboesterol

Question 28

when does diethylstillboesterol exposure have a greater effect?

Answer 28

earlier in pregnancy

Question 29

when is the risk of brith defects the greatest

Answer 29

during the embryonic period

Question 30

in what period of gestation is birth defects the greatest

Answer 30

3-8 week so fgestation

Question 31

what susbtance is embrytoxic

Answer 31

organic mercury