Developmental Toxicology Flashcards
what is Isotretinoin used to treat
severe acne
what is Isotretinoin also known as
13-cis-retinoic acid
what is a teratogen drug
one that can disturb the development of the embryo/fetus
what drug is highly teratogenic
Isotretinoin
what are the birth defects that Isotretinoin causes referred to as?
pattern of birth defects known as Vitamin A embryopathy
What did McBride and Lenz first suggest
that thalidomide was teratogenic
what is a hallmark of thalidomides teratogenicity
reduction abnormalities of the limbs
what do thalidomides teratogenic effects include (2)
anotia, absence of ears
Phocomelia
where does thalidomide still cause brith defects
brazil
what does thalidomide inhibit
angiogenesis
what does binding of thalidomide to Cereblon inhibit
ubiquitination of proteins
what effect does thalidomide have on cytoskeleton
disruption of the actin of cytoskeleton of endothelial cells
what is the overall incidence of major birth defects in love births
4-6%
how much do genetic factors contribute to birth defects
15%
how much do environmental factors contribute to birth defects
10%
how much do xenobiotics contribute to abnormalities
2-4%
what was diethylstillboesterol used to prevent
miscarriage
how was diethylstillboesterol used in cattle sheep and poultry
as a growth promoter
how has diethylstillboesterol negatively impacted women
induce vaginal adenocarcinomas in young women who were exposed in utero
why is diethylstillboesterol dangerous for families
may have multigenerational effects in man
when was thalidomide released and what was its use
1950s as a sedative drug
what can thalidomide potentially cause
peripheral neuropathy
what is thalidomides status in aqueous solution
unstable
what can thalidomide undergo
oxidative biotransformation
how does thalidomide exist
as R and S enantiomers
what do diethylstillboesterol and thalidomide have in common
both transplacental carcinogens
define aneugen and what drug is one?
substance that causes a daughter cell to have an abnormal number of chromosomes, diethylstillboesterol
when does diethylstillboesterol exposure have a greater effect?
earlier in pregnancy
when is the risk of brith defects the greatest
during the embryonic period
in what period of gestation is birth defects the greatest
3-8 week so fgestation
what susbtance is embrytoxic
organic mercury
