Radiation Flashcards
Describe an atom
nucleus core with protons and neutrons. negatively charged electrons which orbit the nucleus
______ energy is the energy necessary to keep electrons in orbit around the nucleus
binding energy
___________ radiation can be natural and man made and occurs from energy that is emitted from an atom.
ionizing
__________radiation is electromagnetic energy which does not have enough energy to break apart atoms. e.g. are microwaves, radiowaves, infrared, UV and visible light
non-ionizing
what is an isotope
atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons
what is a nuclide
when several isotopes of the same element exist
radionuclide/radioisotopes are (stable/unstable)
unstable
ionizing radiation acts upon matter which absorbs them and pairs of _____________ are formed
ions (electrically charged fragments)
alpha particle
two protons, two neutrons
very stable, high energy
will not penetrate skin, but dangerous if inhaled/ingested
paper will block them
e.g. radon gas
beta particles
emitted electrons
they penetrate more than alpha particles
protective clothing and good hygiene will protect
dangerous if ingested
gamma rays
originate in the atomic nucleus may be lethal require full protection electromagnetic short wavelength high energy
x-rays
very short wavelength
highly penetrating
what are the 5 units used to measure radiation
Roentgen (R) /Coulomb/kg (C/kg) - unit of exposure or intensity
Radiation absorbed dose (RAD) / Gray (Gy) - unit of radiation absorbed
Roentgen Equavlent Man (rem) / seivert (Sv) - unit of dose equivalent or occupation exposure
Curie (Ci) / Becquerel (Bq) - unit of radioactivity
Electron volt (eV) - energy of an x - ray
exposure distance:
doubling the distance from a radiation source decreases the exposure to ____% of the original amount
25%
___ REM is the maximum amount of radiation to the whole body one can receive a year
5 REM
doses of _______ REM may be lethal to man
350-400 REM
what is the most common route of entry of radiation
inhalation
what are the two types of damage from radiation
somatic - induced diseases - cancer, leukemia, skin, bone etc.
genetic - mutations passed to offspring
what are some devices used to monitor radiation (name 3)
pocket dosimeter (can be read while wearing) pocket chamber (requires separate device to read) film badge (takes a while to get readings)
name 5 types of radionuclides
Cesium 137 Carbon 14 Iodine 131 Strontium 89 Strontium 90
minimum acceptable level of radon in a single family home is ________
4 pCi/l
alpha tract detectors are used to test for __________
radon
which is the more dangerous types of radiation
ionizing radiation
a magnetron produces what type of non-ionizing radiation
microwaves
a “power density meter” tests for what?
microwave leakage
which of the following have little penetrating power and are normally a hazard to health only in the form of internal radiation received through ingestion, inhalation or open wounds
x rays
alpha particles
beta particles
gamma rays
alpha rays
beta radiation is most commonly blocked by which one of the following materials
lead
concrete
magnesium alloy
glass or plastic
glass or plastic
microwaves are reflected by
metals
plastic
glass
polymers
metals
the energy of ionizing radiation is measured in
eV
the shorter the wavelength the
higher the frequency, lower the energy
lower the frequency and energy
lower the frequency and higher the energy
higher the frequency and energy
higher the frequency and energy
the roentgen is a measure of ionization in the air produced by exposure to
xrays or gamma rays
alpha particles
beta particles
all of the above
x rays or gamma rays
the absorption of how many ergs (energy per gram) of air represents one roentgen?
150
100
86
50
about 86
which term is used to show the exposure of large populations to low level radiation
person-rem
gamma-rem
radiation-rem
quantum-rem
person-rem
the rate at which atoms of radioactive sources (radionuclides) disintegrate are measured in
rems
rods
curies
roentgens
curies
isotopes of the same element have
(same/different) atomic numbers
(same/different) mass number
same atomic number
different mass number
