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Ca REHS Study > Pools > Flashcards

Pools Flashcards

1
Q

what is the leading cause of accidental death in the pools

A

drowning

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2
Q

what is the leading cause of work related accidental death

A

fires and explosions

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3
Q

what is the ideal human body temperature

A

98.6 F

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4
Q

about ____ quarts of water can be expelled from the human body a day

A

6 quarts

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5
Q

how do you convert fahrenheit to celsius

A

F -32
/9
x 5

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6
Q

convert 95F to celsius

A

35

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7
Q

how do you convert Celsius to fahrenheit

A

C x 9
/5
+ 32

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8
Q

kelvin = celsius + _____

A

273

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9
Q

a 32F day with a 20 mph wind could cause windchill temperatures down to ____

A

0F

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10
Q

high altitude is any elevation above ____ft (__ miles)

A

5280 feet or one mile above sea level

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11
Q

at one mile above seal level there is ____ % less oxygen and also less _____

A

40-45% less oxygen

also less humidity

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12
Q

It takes the average human body ________ days to acclimate to extreme conditions

A

10-14 days

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13
Q

What are the minimum turnover rates for

pool
spa
spray ground
wading pool
medical pool

A

pool 6 hours
spa 30 minutes
spray ground 30 minutes
wading pool 1 hour
medical pool 2 hours

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14
Q

What is the minimum flow (gpm) for a 50,000 gallon pool

A

139 (50k/360 mins)

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15
Q

DE filters
composition
maximum gpm/ft2

A

composition - microscopic diatoms (aquatic marine life), calcified, appears like coffee grounds

maximum filtration of 2 gpm/sq foot of filter area

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16
Q

The in and out pressure of a filter should never differ by more than ________ psi

if so the filter needs to be ________

A

10

backwashed/cleaned/replaced

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17
Q

Cartridge filter max gpm/sq ft

A

.375 gpm/sq ft

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18
Q

the best type of filter for a pool with more than 30,000 gallons is ____________

A

sand filter

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19
Q

the most popular type of filter for a spa is __________

A

cartridge

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20
Q

the best type of filter for a pool with less than 30,000 gallons is _____________

A

DE filter

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21
Q

sand filters are (more/less) efficient than DE filters

A

less efficient, but offer faster filtration

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22
Q

Rapid Sand Filter
max filtration rate
minimum depth of media ______
minimum depth of filter gravel___________
effective particle size between ___ and ___ mm
uniformity coefficient not exceeding _____

A

3 gpm/sq ft

min media depth - 20 inches
min filter gravel depth - 10 inches

particle size - .40 - .55 mm

max coefficient 1.75

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23
Q

High Rate Sand Filters
max filtration rate
effective particle size between ___ and ___ mm
uniformity coefficient not exceeding _____

A

15 gpm/sq ft
.40 - .55 mm
max coefficient 1.75

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24
Q

Public pool water quality
standard plate count (heterotrophic plate ocunt) shall not exceed _____ CFU per ml

total coliform
membrane filtration method - must be less than ___ CFU per 100 ml
multiple tube fermentation method - must be less than _____ CFU per 100 ml

A

standard 200 CFU per ml

total coliform
membrane filtration - 1 CFU per 100 ml
fermentation - 2.2 CFU per 100 ml

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25
Q

All pool equipment must be certified by what standard?

A

NSF/ANSI 50-2012

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26
Q

Chlorine in water breaks into _____ and _____ which together are called _______________

A

XCl + H20 —> HOCL (Hypochlorous Acid) and OCL- (Hypochlorite ion) + H+ (Hydrogen ion)

together they are Free Chlorine

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27
Q

_____________ is the active killing form of chlorine in water

A

HOCL, Hypochlorous Acid

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28
Q

Chloramines form when Free chlorine binds with ___________.

Chloramines are not an effective __________

A

contaminants in the water, usually ammonia compounds.

not an effective disinfectant

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29
Q

unstabilized vs stabilized chlorine disinfectants

A

unstable - no Carbon atom - sensitive to UV light
stable - contain carbon atom - not sensitive to UV light

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30
Q

Name 6 types of chlorine disinfectants, their physical appearance, stable/unstable, and available chlorine content

A

unstable
sodium hypochlorite - NaOCl - liquid - 11%
calcium hypochlorite - Ca[OCl]2 - granular, tabs - 70%
lithium hypochlorite - LiOCl - granular - 35% (not used often)
chlorine gas - CL2 - gas - 100%

stable
trichlor - C3N3O3CL3 - tablets mostly, granular - 90%
dichlor - NaCL2C3N3O3 - granular - 60%

31
Q

the most pH neurtral chlorine type is _____

A

dichlor

32
Q

What is cyanuric acid

A

added to protect unstabilized chlorine form the effects of sunlight.

33
Q

Bromine disinfectant

A

tablets usually, 27% available bromine content

used more in spas because it naturally lowers the pH

can be destroyed by sunlight but cyanuric acid does not work for bromine

34
Q

Name some other methods that can be used to disinfect public pools

A

ozone (gas)
chlorine generation (salt)
UV light

35
Q

free chlorine requirements for pools and spa/wading/sprayground

with and without CYA

A

w/o cya
pools min 1, max 10
spas min 3 max 10

w/ cya
pools min 2 max 10
spas min 3 max 10

36
Q

bromine residual minimum in pools vs spas

A

pools min 2ppm, spas/wading/spray min 4ppm

37
Q

minimum and maximum pH
maximum CYA concentration
max combined chlorine concentration
max spa temp

A

7.2-7.8
100 ppm CYA max
max .4 ppm combined chlorine
max spa temp 104F

38
Q

a wading pool has a max depth of ___

A

18 ‘’ at the deepest point

39
Q

What are the two types of tests for pool/spa water

A

Orthotoludene (ortho test) - measure total chlorine, heat sensitive
DPD - Diethyl-Phenylene-Diamine - measures free chlorine, combined chlorine, not heat sensitive

40
Q

sample water should be taken at a depth of ______

A

12-18 inches

41
Q

What are two common chemicals used to raise the pH and one common chemical to lower the pH

A

raise pH
Sodium carbonate “soda ash” NaCO3
Sodium hydroxide “caustic soda” NaOH

lower pH
Hydrochloric acid “muriatic acid” HCL

42
Q

copper in pool water can not be above _____ ppm

A

.2 ppm

43
Q

TDS (water hardness) should be between ___ and ___ ppm

A

175-300 ppm

TDS = total dissolved solids

44
Q

Which chemical is commonly used to neutralize chlorine

A

Sodium thiosulfate

45
Q

algae growth can be controlled by used what chemical

A

Copper sulfate (CuSO4)

46
Q

in swimming pools ___% of water going through the skimmer and ___% goes through the main drain

A

75% skimmer
25% main drain

47
Q

What does “feet of head/head pressure” mean in regards to the pump

A

the flow pressure of resistance caused by the pipes and equipment

48
Q

an increase in the head pressure results in ______

A

a reduction of flow

49
Q

What is cavitation

A

bubbling in the circulation system which can damage the pump

50
Q

What is the required dynamic head capacity for a pump paired with the follow type of filters

pressure DE
vacuum DE
rapid sand
high rate sand
cartridge

A

pressure DE 60ft
vacuum DE 20’’ vacuum, 40 ft head
rapid sand 45 ft
high rate sand 60 ft
cartridge 60 ft

51
Q

a lifeguard must have what type of training?

A

American Red Cross or YMCA

CPR certification

52
Q

pool records must be kept for ___ years

A

2 years

53
Q

which safety devices must be at a public pool

A

17 ‘’ maximum life ring
12 foot minimum body hook

54
Q

what to do for pool fecal/vomit/blood contamination events

formed fecal/vomit:
diarrhea:
blood:

A

close the pool, ensure pH is 7.5 or lower and water temperature is 77F or higher

formed fecal/vomit - maintain FC 2ppm for at least 25 minutes

diarrheal stool 20 ppm chlorine for at least 12.75 hours

if CYA present: lower pH to 6.5 40 ppm FC for at least 30 hours

blood - check if FC is within range, if in range pool stays open

backwash filters, replace cartridge filters

document incident

55
Q

what is an ancillary facility

A

areas used in conjunction with pool - locker rooms, pool deck, showers etc.

56
Q

a depth line is required at ____ feet for pools that are deeper than ___ ft

A

4.5 feet if deeper than 5 feet

57
Q

pools deeper than ___ feet require a no diving marker

A

6 feet

58
Q

pool/spa decks must be a minimum of ___ feet

A

4 feet

59
Q

pool enclosure must be ___ feet high with gaps not to exceed ____ inches

horizontal bars must be a minimum of ___ feet apart

A

5 feet high

no more than 4’’ spacing

horizontal bars 4 feet apart

60
Q

chain link fencing can be used if not greater than ___ inches horizontally

A

1.75 ‘’

61
Q

what are the pool and spa capacity

A

spa 1 user per 10 sq ft (surface area/10)

pools 1 user per 20 sq ft (surface area /20)

62
Q

studies indicate that swimmers have a higher overall illness rate of non swimmers:

regardless of bathing water quality
due to poor regulatory practice3
if they are over 50 years old
if they swim in pools

A

regardless of bathing water quality

63
Q

the treatment system of a pool is typically recommended to be installed in which of the following flow arrangements?

skimmer/gutter line
adjustment valves
main drain line
hair strainer
pump
pH feeder
filter
filter aid pumps
adjustable inlets
disinfectant feeder

A

skimmer/gutter line
main drain line
adjustment valves
hair strainer
filter aid pump
filters
disinfectant feeder
pH feeder
adjustable inlets

64
Q

swimming pool water clarity is measured in NTU or nephelometer turbidity units. It is recommended that a level of 0.5 NTU

shall be maintained
shall no be exceeded
is the minimum
is the maximum

A

shall not be exceeded

65
Q

when mixing acid and water always…

add water to acid
add acid to water
add soda ash to acid
stir while pouring water into the acid

A

add acid to water

66
Q

when chlorine is added to water…

one acid is formed
two primary acids are formed
HCl is considered the primary product
ozone is produced in large quantities

A

two primary acids are formed

67
Q

the best control of swimmers itch at a bathing beach is to

add copper sulfate
increase the chlorine residual
lower the chlorine residual
lower the water level and allow plants to dry out

A

add copper sulfate

68
Q

swimmers itch is caused by

A

algae growth

69
Q

the preferred method for controlling sewage from watercraft is the use of…

onboard holding tanks
shipboard discharge
incinerator toilet
compost toilet

A

onboard holding tanks

70
Q

the microbe primarily responsible for skin infecitons in whirlpools is

e coli
pseudomonas aeruginosa
shigella sonnet
salmonella typhi

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

71
Q

water in wading pools should be recirculated every

60 mins
90 mins
120 mins
180 mins

A

60 mins

72
Q

the following type of swimming facility is generally prohibited

home outdoor pool
fill and draw pool
natural flow through pool
recirculating pool

A

fill and draw pool

73
Q

the main drain should have a grate that is how much larger than the area of the discharge pipe to prevent dangerous suction effets

four times
five times
six times
seven times

A

four times larger

74
Q

CA State Law requires all public pools to maintain a minimum chlorine residual level of ____ ppm.

A

1.0 ppm (or greater)

Ca REHS Study (19 decks)

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