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Ca REHS Study > Air Quality and Pollution > Flashcards

Air Quality and Pollution Flashcards

1
Q

A human breathes an average of how much air per day

A

35 lbs per day

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2
Q

Atmosphere composition
78% -
21% -
0.97% -
0.03% -

A

Nitrogen
Oxygen
Ozone (O3) and CO2
Other Gases

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3
Q

Is there earth an open or closed system

A

A closed system. Very little outside elements exit or enter the atmosphere.

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4
Q

The only major force that enters the earth’s atmosphere is

A

Sunlight

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5
Q

Is most air pollution man made or natural?

A

Man made. Some natural pollution occurs such as pollen pollution.

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6
Q

What is the greenhouse effect

A

AKA Global Warming.

Occurs when there is no longer an equilibrium between the amount of CO2 in the ocean and in the atmosphere.

When there is more CO2 in the atmosphere than in the ocean. More CO2 in the atmosphere draws in more sunlight to the atmosphere and it gets trapped.

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7
Q

Where is the ozone layer?

What is the benefit of the ozone layer?

A

Ozone lies high in the earths atmosphere.

It helps deflect away the majority of the sun’s harmful rays.

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8
Q

What are fluorocarbons and what are their effect on the atmosphere

A

Gases prevalent in refrigerants, aerosol cans etc.

They can accumulate and deplete the ozone layer thus allowing more harmful energy from the sun into the atmosphere.

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9
Q

What is the real danger of the greenhouse effect

A

The melting of polar ice caps. The world could end up totally submersed with 20 feet of water.

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10
Q

99% of the earths atmosphere is within what distance?

A

Within 20 miles

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11
Q

What are the layers of the atmosphere and their altitudes

A

TMST
Thermosphere > 50miles/80 km
Mesopause
Mesosphere > 30miles/50 km
Stratopause
Stratosphere > 12 miles/20 km
Tropopause
Troposphere

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12
Q

Low pressure system

A

Air currents move counter clockwise.

Air rises up and cools.

Usually results in precipitation or cloudy day.

“cyclonic condition”

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13
Q

High pressure system

A

Air mass moves clockwise, anticyclonic condition
Sunny, clear days

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14
Q

What is a thermal inversion and what are the three types

A

When a layer of warm air settles over a layer of cooler air that lies near the ground. The warm air holds down the cool air and prevents pollutants from rising and scattering.

Valley inversion

Radiation Inversion

Subsidence Inversion (Los Angeles)

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15
Q

Smog

A

Fog or haze combined with smoke and other atmospheric pollutants

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16
Q

Photochemical Smog

A

Type of smog found in LA from auto and industrial emissions which result in high emissions of nitrogen oxides.

NO combine with O2 and UV light to form NO2

Brown haze

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17
Q

How is ozone created

A

(O3) is created naturally by lightning storms and artificially by the photochemical smog.

Can cause shortness of breath, and aging effects

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18
Q

What are some of the by products of photochemical smog

A

ozone, nitrous oxide, PAN, oxygen and nitrogen oxides

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19
Q

Sulfur oxides and acid rain

A

Formed from burning sulfur latent coal.

Can form “acid rain” when sulfur oxides combines with moisture to form Sulfuric Acid H2SO4

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20
Q

Hazards of nitrogen oxides

A

nitrogen dioxide is more toxic than nitric oxide.

They are respiratory irritants and can cause pulmonary edema and death.

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21
Q

What is a PAN

A

Peroxyacetetyl nitrite is a form of air pollution from the photochemical smog. It causes eye irritation.

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22
Q

Air pollution can cause or worsen some of the following diseases

A

chronic bronchitis

emphysema

lung cancer

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23
Q

What can plants tell us about air pollution

A

Can tell us the type of pollutants in the environment. Air pollution can be detrimental to plants and leave distinctive markings characteristic of the particular pollutant

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24
Q

How can water heaters contribute to pollution

A

They can increase nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide.

Check for tight fitting vent system, pressure relief valve, proper strapping, carbon buildup

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25
Q

5 types of particulates and notate if they are solids or liquids

A

Dusts, smoke, mists (L) , aerosols (L) , fumes

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26
Q

Dust Hazards - Size of particles and associated diseases

A

10 microns or smaller Most damaging dust particles are 2.5 or smaller.

pneumoconiosis
black lung (coal miners)
silicosis - general term that just means particles inhaled in the lungs
siderosis - metal particles inhaled
asbestos - may not appear 15-20 years after exposure
cancers

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27
Q

Name three ways to control dust

A

bag houses, dust collectors, electrostatic precipitators

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28
Q

What is a smoke? What is the particle size of smoke

A

A solid particle in a gas. .1 micron or smaller

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29
Q

Name 5 types of smoke

A

coal smoke - carbon in hydrocarbon gas
wood smoke - cellulose ash particles
chemical smoke - military purposes
metallic smoke(AKA fume)- zinc/tin smelters
cigarette smoke - nicotine, tar, benzopyrene and others

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30
Q

What is a fume

A

smoke-like emanation from the surface of heated metals

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31
Q

Aerosols vs. Mists

A

Aerosols - smaller liquid droplets that suspend in air over long times

Mists - larger liquid drops that fall quickly

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32
Q

What is the oldest pollution measuring device

A

The ringleman scale (measures smoke opacity)

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33
Q

What is the purpose of a catalytic converter

A

To convert unburned fossil fuel by products such as hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides into carbon dioxide, water vapor and nitrogen.

the catalyst is the heated metals

34
Q

What are draeger tubes

A

AKA absorption tubes - measures the concentration of a gas

35
Q

What is an anemometer

A

A ventilation capacity meter, CFM, used in exhaust vent (make up air)

36
Q

What is litmus paper

A

most common type of test paper, e.g. chlorine test strips

Test papers can also be used for toxic gases such as hydrogen sulfide

37
Q

What is a velometer

A

Measures air speed (ft/min) used in air curtains

38
Q

Name the three categories of air pollutants

A

organic gases, inorganic gases, particulate matter

39
Q

Organic Gases as air pollutants

A

Hydrocarbons, usually produced from gasoline from vehicles

The hydrocarbons then react with the atmosphere to product photochemical smog

40
Q

Inorganic gases as air pollutants

A

Nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and carbon monoxide

combustion pollutants

41
Q

How is carbon monoxide formed

A

From the incomplete combustion (oxidation) of hydrocarbons

42
Q

What is the federal clean air act

A

it established the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six pollutants

43
Q

What 6 pollutants does the air quality standard address

A

PM10 - Particulate matter 10 microns or less
O3 - Ozone
Pb - Lead
SO2 - Sulfur dioxide
CO - Carbon Monoxide
NO2 - Nitrogen dioxide

44
Q

What are two methods to measure ozone

A

chemiluminescence and UV light absorption

45
Q

What method is used to measure nitrogen oxides

A

Chemiluminescence

46
Q

What method is used to measure hydrocarbons

A

Flame ionization (measures the current produced as air passes through flame)

47
Q

How is carbon monoxide measured

A

With infrared energy

48
Q

How is sulfur dioxide measured

A

With colorimetric method

49
Q

What are two environmental factors that effect air pollution

A

meteorological factors - wind, precipitation, pressure

topographical factors - hills, valley, manmade features

50
Q

What is an intertial separator

A

A control device for removing particulate matter. includes single cyclone, high efficiency cyclone and multiple cyclone separators

51
Q

What is a wet collection device

A

used to collect particulate matter

e.g. scrubbers, spray chambers, wet filters

52
Q

How does gas adsorption work

A

with activated carbon or silica gel etc.

53
Q

How does gas absorption work

A

by dissolving gases with a liquid solvent (water, ethanol or benzene)

54
Q

The MOST likely cause of photochemical smog is due to which of the following?

Large Industries
Chemical Processing Plants
Hazardous Waste Incinerators
Heavy motor vehicle traffic

A

Heavy motor vehicle traffic

55
Q

The industries LEAST likely to be a source of sulfur dioxide pollution are:

Metal smelters
Coal and oil burning power plants
refineries
hazardous waste incinerators

A

hazardous waste incinerators

56
Q

Scrubbers are wet collectors generally used to remove particles that form as a:

dust, aerosol, or fog
mist, solid, or vapor
fog, mist, or dust
fume, dust or mist

A

fog, mist or dust

57
Q

Particle size selective inlets are used to separate particulates above and below 2 to 3 microns in size on:

high volume samplers
outfall vacuums
baghouse air filters
atmospheric respirator sieves

A

high volume samplers

58
Q

When two pollutants are combined, the effect are greater than the sum of the individual effects. This is called:

commensalism
syngerism
magnification
multiplication

A

synergism

59
Q

Which component of clean, dry air has the smallest volume?

Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen dioxide
ammonia
sulfur dioxide

A

sulfur dioxide

60
Q

Ozone reduces the useful life of all of the following except:

rubber
textiles
dyes
nylon

A

nylon

61
Q

Major effects on humans are caused by the Los Angeles and London type smog, alone with which two pollutants:

sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride
sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide
hydrogen sulfide and peroxacyl nitrates
ozone and nitrogen dioxide

A

sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride

62
Q

Photochemical smog has been reported in congested areas with:

large industries
chemical processing plants
industries processing hazardous wastes
high motor vehicle traffic

A

high motor vehicle traffic

63
Q

What type of air pollution causes bleaching of leaves in plants?

PAN
sulfur dioxide
industries processing hazardous wastes
high motor vehicle traffic

A

sulfur dioxide

64
Q

Which of the following are NOT major sources of sulfur dioxide pollution?

metal smelters
coal and oil burning power plants
refineries
electric substations

A

electrical substations

65
Q

Which of the following is not a malodorous gas?

sulfur dioxide
hydrogen sulfide
carbon monoxide
phenol

A

carbon monoxide

66
Q

What size particle can reach the lowest parts of the lung?

15 microns
50 microns
3 microns
any size particle

A

3 microns

67
Q

What does a windrose measure?

A

wind speed and direction

68
Q

Which of the following is true about particulate air pollution?

Natural Sources emit more than anthropogenic
Anthropogenic sources emit more than natural
Cars emit more than trucks
Mobile sources emit more than stationary sources

A

Natural Sources emit more than anthropogenic

69
Q

An example of a primary secondary air pollutant pair is:

A

SO2;H2SO4

70
Q

Which of the following is not true about gaseous air pollution?

A

Trucks emit more than cars

71
Q

An air pollutant which exists in vapor phase would be best termed?

A

gas

72
Q

Systemic effects of indoor air pollutants include all but on of the following:

A

Pulmonary effects

73
Q

An air pollutant that exists as a particle with a size of 2.5 - 10 micro meters would most likely end up-

A

Depositing in the nose and throat

74
Q

When absorbed daytime heat is radiated quickly into space and the temperature of surface air drops below that of the air above it, the condition is referred to as:

A

radiation inversion

75
Q

All of the following are criteria pollutants except:

a. carbon monoxide
b. sulfur dioxide
c. carbon dioxide
d. nitrogen oxides

A

Carbon dioxide

76
Q

Acid condensates, dust, soot, and smoke are considered:

A

particulate matter

77
Q

The most dangerous of the particulate air pollutants in terms of human health are:

A

aerosols

78
Q

The Emergency Planning and Community-Right-to-Know Act was promoted by the accident at:

A

chernobyl

79
Q

The greatest number of casualties as the result of air pollution occurred in:

A

Meuse River Valley, Belgium

80
Q

Pollutants in the ambient air most associated with heightened risk of death and disease are:

A

particulate

Ca REHS Study (19 decks)

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