Diseases Flashcards
Epidemic
occurrence of a disease in a community or region that is more than normal
Endemic
when a disease is expected to be around to some degree within a geographical area. e.g. plague
Communicable diseases are those that are transferable from one _______ to another
from one host to another
Epidemiology is the study of _______
diseases
Pandemic
a disease that exists throughout a wide area
Zoonosis is a group of ____________ diseases that can be transmitted to ______. e.g. is __________
animal diseases transferable to man.
e.g. rabies
Acute vs. Chronic diseases
acute - rapid onset
chronic - prolonged exposure, long duration illness
Direct vs. Indirect transmission of diseases
direct - human to human, animal to human, animal to animal
indirect - vector, fomites
bacteria are usually ___ to ____ microns in size
.5 to 3 microns
Name 4 common bacterial shapes
rod, cocci, clumps, spiral
clinical vs carrier casses
clinical - symptomatic
carrier - asymptomatic (typhoid mary)
subclinical is the state of the host (before/after) the disease causes symptoms
before symptoms
the vehicle is how the infectious agent gets transmitted to the host.
e.g. are____ and _____
food and water
What are the 5 routes of infections. Which are the two most common.
respiratory - most common oral/digestive - second most common skin eyes injections
Passive vs. Active immunity and Natural and Acquired forms of both.
Passive - received from another source
naturally passive - maternal transfer
acquired passive - inoculation of antibodies
Active - formed by body’s immune system
naturally active - from infection
acquired active - inoculation by killed virus/agent then body builds immunity
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic host factors
intrinsic (genetic) - age, sex, race, immunologic state
extrinsic (controllable) - personal habits, nutritional state, stress level
synergist/synergy
two chemicals produce a greater effect together than either produce alone
additive effects
two chemicals produce an effect approximately twice that of either chemical alone.
e.g. cigarette smoking and air pollution
multiplicative effects
two chemicals produce an effect several times greater than either product alone
accelerator effect
one chemical enables or enhances the toxic effect of another. similar to a “catalyst.” e.g. soot
Top 4 accidental deaths
car accidents
accidental falls (most common in the home)
fire and explosion (most common in workplace)
accidental drowning
isolation vs quarantine
isolation - disease is know - physical separation to avoid spread
quarantine - disease is unknown
gram stain and colors
gram positive retain crystal violet dye (purple)
gram negative - counter stain (safranin) flushes out the crystal violet - microbes appear (red/pink) thinner cell wall
gram positive bacteria have a thick layer of _____
peptidoglycan
What are the four growth conditions of bacteria in regards to oxygen level
aerobic
microaerophillic - require lower levels of oxygen
facultative anaerobe - will use aerobic respiration but can use anaerobic respiration or fermentation if needed
anaerobic
What are toxins
poisonous substances produced by certain microrgaisms
exotoxins vs endotoxins
exotoxins - secreted by bacteria, a waste product - highly toxic. They are tissue or organ specific. Usually from gram positive.
endotoxins - part of gram negative cell wall called LPS which are released when the bacteria die
What are some of the damaging effects of endotoxins
vasodilation—-> hypotension (low bp)
fever
weakness
leukopenia
the following bacteria produce which types of exotoxins
staph aureus
clost. botulinum
clos. tetani
corneybacterium diptheriae
staph aureus - enterotoxin (GI tract)
clost. botulinum - neurotoxin
clos. tetani - neurotoxin
corneybacterium diptheriae - cytotoxin (attacks living cells)
Colorado Tick Fever type reservoir mode fatality
virus
rodents - squirrels, chipmunks
adult tick - dermacentor andersoni (wood tick)
deaths are rare
________________ is a disease that causes inflammation in parts of the brain, specifically the meninges and spinal cord. This disease is caused by a (bacteria/virus)
Ecephalitis
viral
What are the 4 types of encephalitis that affect humans. Name the mosquito vector(s) for each type
Eastern Equine - Culiseta melanura
St. Louis - Culex tarsalis, Culex pipens
Western Equine - Culex tarsalis
West Nile Virus - Culex tarsalis
In encephalitis, mild cases cane become viral ______________. Sever infections result in disorientation, convulsions and death. Incubation period is between __ and __ days.
mild cases –> viral meningitis
5-15 days incubation
____________ is a viral disease that usually affects the liver giving physical symptoms of jaundice
Hepatitis
What are the three types of hepatitis
Hep A - infectious
Hep B and C - Serum
Hep A type mode average incubation period typical illness duration fatality rate
virus fecal oral route 25-30 days incubation 1-2 week duration low fatality, 1 per 1000
Hep B & C type mode incubation time fatality
virus
blood - hypodermic needles - drug use
60-90 day incubation
1% fatality
Rabies type reservoir mode incubation symptoms fatality
virus
reservoir - warm blooded animals - dogs, bats(most rabid), skunks
mode - bite from infected animal
incubation 3-6 weeks
symptoms - paralysis, painful swallowing, foaming mouth, disease attacks central nervous system
fatality - usually fatal once clinical symptoms arrive, treatable if caught during incubation
Rabies treatment for humans includes either ______ or ______
Rabies testing for animals includes examination for ____________ in the brain
DEV - duck embryo vaccine
RIG - rabies immune globulin
negri bodies
Yellow Fever type mode region incubation symptoms fatality
virus Aedes aegypti mosquito south American and Africa 3-6 day incubation flu like symptoms 50% fatal to non indigenous
AIDS type mode symptoms fatality
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
virus - HIV - human immunodeficiency virus
mode - bodily fluids - sexual transmission
symptoms - HIV causes flu like symptoms, then a long asymptomatic period and can later appear as the late stage disease of AIDS
fatality 80 to 90%
Hanta Virus type mode avg incubation fatality symptoms
virus rodent aerosols 12-16 days hemorrhagic fever and renal syndrome 8090 % fatality
Cholera type mode symptoms fatality
bacti Vibrio cholera mode - fecal oral route typically a waterborne disease rice water stools only fatal if no treatment
Vibrio parahemolyticus is a bacterial illness from ____________
contaminated seafood
Ornithosis/Parrot Fever
type
mode
symptoms
bacti
Chlamydia psittaci
contact with infected birds - parakeets, parrots, pigeons
cold/respiratory symptoms
Anthrax type aka: mode incubation period symptoms fatality for untreated cases control
bacti Bacillus anthracis - spore former aka: wool sorter's disease mode - animal hides, hair, meat incubation - 2-5 days skin lesions or upper respiratory infection (serious) 20% fatality if untreated control - dust control, wool/sheep brushes disinfected
Plague type two types mode incubation fatality historically called \_\_\_\_\_\_
bacti
bubonic(swollen lymph nodes) and pneumonic (respiratory, 2nd stage, highly contagious)
Yersinia pestis
mode - rats (rats get it from flea - oriental rat flea)
symptoms - high fever, low bp, rapid pulse, convulsions, coma
incubation 2-6 days
fatality - untreated 50%
one of the deadliest disease known to man
historically called “black death”
Rabbit Fever/Deerfly Fever/Tularemia
type
mode
bacti
Francisella tularensis
mode - deerfly bite, inoculation from infected rabbit/deer
Brucellosis
type
aka
mode
bacti
Brucella abortus
aka: undulant fever (humans) Bang’s disease (cattle), Kennel Cough
mode - infected animals or dairy products
Fever is not usually a symptom of this type of foodborne illness
foodborne intoxications
heat stable vs heat labile toxins
heat stable - toxin survives heat (usually chemical based toxins)
heat labile - toxin does not survive heating (usually protein based toxins)
___________ is an e.g. of a heat stable toxin
staph aureus
___________ is an e.g. of a heat labile toxin
clost. botulinum
Bacillus cereus type mode infectious dose incubation symptoms duration
gram pos, facultative anaerobe, spore former
intoxication
mode - ingestion of cooked food left out too long. meats, stews, gravies, rice
ID 500,000 bacti
incubation - 10-16 hours
symptoms - cramps, D, N
duration - 24-48 hours
Clostridium botulinum type mode ID incubation symptoms duration Fatality of untreated
gram pos, anaerobic, spore former intoxication mode - ingestion of improperly canned foods, home canned fish, vegetables, fermented fish, baked potatoes in aluminum foil ID very few - most potent toxic to man incubation - 12-72 hours symptoms - V, D, blurred/double vision, difficulty swallowing duration - variable fatality - 30% of untreated cases
floppy baby syndrome is associated with __________ and can be caused by the ingestion of ________
botulism
honey
the botulism toxin is a (endotoxin/exotoxin) and is heat (stabile/labile)
exotoxin (neurotoxin), heat labile (protein structure)
Clostridium perfringens aka: type mode ID incubation symptoms duration
gram pos, anaerobic, spore former toxin mediated infection aka: cafeteria bacteria mode - ingestion of meats (roasts), poultry, gravy, MEXICAN BEANS, time/temp abused foods ID - 1-100 million organisms incubation 8-16 hours symptoms - intense cramps, watery D duration - 24 hours
Salmonella type mode ID incubation symptoms duration Typhoid Fever
gram neg, non spore former, enterobacteria
infection
mode - fecal oral - ingestion of eggs, poultry, meat, unpasteurized milk/juice, cheese, contaminated raw fruits/vegetables - undercooked foods, cross contamination.
ID - 1000 to 10,000 bacti
incubation - 6-48 hours
symptoms - D, F, cramps, V
4-7 days
Typhoid fever - salmonella typhi - more serious than salmonellosis
which organism is the control organism for the phenol coefficient
salmonella typhi
Shigella type aka mode ID incubation symptoms duration
Shigella dysenteriae - gram neg, facultative anaerobe, non spore former
infection
aka bacillary dysentery
mode - fecal oral - contaminated water, raw produce, uncooked foods or improperly reheated foods, cruise ship ice
ID - 10 or more bacti
incubation - 4-7 days
symptoms - crapms, F, D, stools may contain blood/mucus
duration - 24-48 hours
Staph aureus aka type mode incubation symptoms duration
staphylococcus aureus - gram pos, aerobe
picnic food poisoning
intoxication (enterotoxin)
mode - from skin lesions, nose mouth of man to food - unrefrigerated or improperly refrigerated meats, potatos, egg salads, cream pastries
incubation - 1-6 hours
symptoms - sudden onset severe N and V. cramps, D and F may also be present. Normally no fever though
duration - 24-48 hours
toxic shock syndrome in women is caused by ____________
staph aureus
___________ is a nosocomial infection (commonly acquired at a hospital)
staph aureus
E Coli O157 H7 aka type mode incubation symptoms duration
aka: enterohemoragic, or HUS - hemolytic uremic syndrome
type - Escherichia coli, gram neg, facultative anaerobe
Toxin Mediated infection
mode - undercooked beef, unpasteurized milk/juice, raw vegetables (sprouts), contaminated water
incubation - 1-8 days
symptoms - severe bloody D, abdo pain, V. usually no fever. kidney failure in kids.
duration - 5-10 days
Norovirus aka type mode incubation symptoms duration
aka: viral gastroenteritis, winter diarrhea, food poisoning, Norwalk virus etc.
virus
mode - fecal oral route - raw produce, contaminated drinking water, poor food handler hygiene, shellfish from contaminated waters
incubation - 12-48 hours
symptoms - N, V, cramps, D, F, headache. D more prevalent in adults, V more prevalent in children.
duration - 12-60 hours
Streptococcus pyogenes aka type mode symptoms
aka scarlet fever
gram positive
mode - direct contact with airborne droplets, contaminated food and milk
symptoms - sore throat
Campylobacter jejuni type mode ID incubation symptoms duration
gram neg, microaerophillic infection mode - cross contamination or undercooked poultry, unpasteurized milk, contaminated water ID 400 bacteria incubation - 2-5 days symptoms - D cramps, V, D may be bloody duration - 2-10 days easily killed by disinfection
_______________ is bacterial disease especially from raw or undercooked oysters. Can be fatal to those with liver diseases or weakened immune systems
Vibrio vulnificus
Gonyaulax C is the name of the toxin responsible for ____________
paralytic shellfish poisoning
Tuberculosis
type
mode
symptoms
mycobacterium tuberculosis acid fast, aerobic mode - exposure to airborne droplets symptoms - after 4 to 6 week incubation cough, fever, fatigue highly contagious
Relapsing fever is caused by _______________ and is transmitted by ___________
borrelia recurrentis
transmitted by ticks
____________’s disease is an atypical form of pneumonia and can be caused when the bacteria gets into air conditioning units
legionaires disease
___________________ is a bacteria disease that can occur from contact with water that is contaminated with urine of infected animals such as cattle, dogs, horses and swine
leptospirosis
Listeria type mode incubation symptoms duration
listeria monocytogenes, gram pos, facultative anerobe
infection
mode - ingestion of unpasteurized milk, soft cheeses, ready to eat deli meets, seafood products
incubation - 9-48 hours for GI, 2-6 weeks for invasive disease
symptoms - flu like symptoms, pregnant women very susceptible to still birth
duration - variable
notes - very hardy organisms resistant to freezing, dry, hot environments etc.
Thrush is a common name for the fungal infection caused by the yeast ________________
candida albicans
Gilchrists disease is caused by the yeast _____________
blastomyces dermitidis
Valley fever or desert fever can be caught by inhalation of spores form soil or vegetation. It’s caused by the fungus _______________
coccidiodes immitis
Darlings disease is caused by the fungus ____________________ and can be found in soil around chicken coops and bat caves
histoplasma capsulatum
Tinea, or ________________ is a fungal infection from the ______________ and ____________ species.
ringworm
microsporum
trichophyton
on the foot it’s called athletes foot
Lymes disease is caused by the bacteria ____________ and is transmitted from the tick species ___________
the illness presents as a skin leasion followed by fatigue fever and lymph node inflammation
borrelia
ticks species Ixodes
Rickettsia bacteria
gram neg, non spore forming
carried by limes, ticks and other arthropods
diseases include
rocky mountain spotted fever - dermacentor tick
typhus fever - pediculus humanis (lice) oriental rat flea (xenophylla) mite larvae (leptotrombidium)
scabies is caused by bites from ________
mites sarcoptes scabiei
entamoeba histolytica is an infection from _______________
protozoan
Cryptosporodium is an infection caused by a ____________ which can be in contaminated water. the symptoms are usually______
protozoan
watery D, cramps, slight fever
_______ is caused by a protozoan which can be in contaminated drinking water. It’s common for hikers and day care centers.
giardia
Malaria is caused by the protozoan ___________________. The mode is by infected ______________
plasmodium vivax
mosquito
the tse tse fly is the mode of transmission for _______________
African sleeping sickness
swimmer’s itch is caused by the parasite ________________ and is the most common waterborne disease
schistosoma mansoni (blood fluke)
beef and pork tape worms are scientifically known as
taenia solium (pork) taenia saginata (beef)
The two common varieties of hookworms are. to prevent infection do not ___________
ancylostoma duodenale
necator americanus
do not walk barefoot in soils known to have hookworms
they can survive wastewater treatment
ascaris lumbricoides is a _________________
roundworm
pinworms are called ____________
enterobius vermicularis
