RADBIO 1 Flashcards
What are the 2 ways on how energy is trasnfered
- by doing work
- by heat transfer
give the 6 examples of types of energy
Chemical
Radiant
Thermal
Mechanical
Nuclear
Electrical
how is energy transfer by doing work?
it requires an agent that exert a force on an object over a distance
enrgy in motion
kinetic energy
energy being stored
potential energy
it is the transfer of energy from a warmer object to cooler object
Energy Transfer by Heat Transfer
3 ways of heat trasnfer
conduction
convection
radiation
what are the main difference of the 3 heat trasnfer?
conduction- need direct contact
convection- movement of heat by a fluid such as water or air
radiation- transfer of heat by EMR
example of heat trasnfer by radiation
light bulbs, irons, and toaster
Does not need any matter help w/ transfer.
Radiation
where does conduction takes place?
solid, liquid, and gases
transfer of energy from one molecule to another by direct contact This transfer occurs when molecules hit against each other.
Conduction
The movement of mass of heated water or air is called
current
what material is good as a conductor
metal
- Discrete burdles of energy
photons
This energy is somehow linear w/c sometimes can be reflected n/or absorbed
Radiation Energy
therapeutic or diagnostic: Diathermy
Thera(non io)
therapeutic or diagnostic: rad thera
thera( io)
therapeutic or diagnostic: Rad Onco
thera
therapeutic or diagnostic: mri
dia(non-ion)
therapeutic or diagnostic: ultrsound
dia ( non io)
therapeutic or diagnostic: ct
dia (io)
therapeutic or diagnostic: x-ray
dia (io)
therapeutic or diagnostic: mammo
dia
therapeutic or diagnostic: dnetal
dia
therapeutic or diagnostic: nuclear
dia
what part of the body is snesitive to the raditon
Gonads
what are the gonads of both sex
testes and ovary
measure of the rate at which energy is transferred ionizing radiation to soft tissues
LET(linear energy Trasnfer)
types of LET
fractionation
protraction
difference between fractionation and protaction
frationation is when The dose is continuously delivered the px and divided per session, while protraction is Total duration treatment depends on no. of days between first n last session
- ratio of the dose of standard radiation necessary to produce a give effect to the dose of test rad’n needed for the same effect
Relative Biologic Effectiveness
ratio that are being equal to the linear energy transfer
Relative Biologic Effectiveness
what are the 5 5 biologic factors
- oxygen Effect
- Age
- Recovery
- Chemical
- Hormesis
occurs when oxygen is insufficient at the tissue level
hypoxic
no oxygen present
Anoxic
true or false: yournger cells are more sensitive that mature cell
tru
note
if there’s an oxygen in the tissue mas nagigiing radiosensitvie
- phenomena in which a harmful substance gives a stimulating and beneficial effects to the living organism when the quantity or the harmful Substance is small
hormesis
range of age who has fast recovery
18-30
what are the macromolecules and its percentage
nucleic acid -1%
protein 15%
lipids 2%
carbohydrates 1%
what is the target molecule
DNA
3 types of mutation
substitution
insertion
deletion
- 1 nucleotide base is replaced by another
and the root10 by
substitution
an added extra nucleotide base is added into the sequence
Insertion
nucleotide base is removed from the sequence
Deletion
- carries the generic code forom DNA to the ribosome
mRNA
identify/spevify the sequence of amino acids in a protein
mRNA
responsible for bringing the correct amino acids to the ribosome during translatio
tRNA
the initial growth phase where the cell Increases proteins e in size, shape, synthesizes carries out normal metabolic functions
G1
synthesis of DNA ladder uplifts, become single chained w/ no base pairing
S phase
how many chromosomes in the body
46
how many pairs of autosome
22 pairs
Involves the segregation of duplicated chromosomes into 2 identical nuclei w/c is the DNA & RNA
m phase
- assembly of spindle begins, base pairing occurs, resulting in duplicate 2 DNA daughter molecules
g 2 phase
most important molecule in our body, it carries the genetics information
dna
most rediosensitive molecule
dna
CHROMOSOME aberration
- Terminal Deletion
- Dicentric Formation
- Ring Formation
made up of protein & single molecule of DNA
chromosome
a deletion that occurs towards the end of chromosome
Terminal Deletion
first layer protection of our chromatids
Telomers
our products of genome rearrangement that place 2 centromeres on the same chromosome
Dicentric Deletione
can cause birth defect
dicentric deletion
a circular structure occurs when chromosome breaks in to 2 places n its broken ends fused together
ring formation
Radiation Response of DNA
- Main-chain scission w/ only one side rail severed
- Main chain scission w/ both side rails severed
- Main-chain scission e subsequent cross linking
- Rung breakage causing a separation bases
5.Change in / loss of a base
type of mutation that affects nucleotide bases w/in the DNA or RNA
Points Mutation
can occur during the replication of DNA they are being exposed to mutagens like radiation
Points Mutation
3 types of point mutation
substitution
deletion
insertion
1 nucleotide base is replaced by another
and the root10 by
substitution
an added extra nucleotide base is added into the sequence
Insertion
nucleotide base is removed from the sequence
Deletion
range of water within the body
80-85
Occurs when ionizing radiation interacts w/ water molecules, leading in the formation of free radicals
Hit in Indirect Effect
are any molecular species capable of independent existence that contains unpaired electron in an atomic orbital
- Hit in Indirect Effect
lonizing radiation directly interact w/ DNA or other critical cellular targets
- Hit in Direct Effect
occurs when high LET is used, wherein the distance between ionization is so close that the probability of hit is high
- Hit in Direct Effect
2 Model of Cell Survival
- Single Target, Single Hit Model
- Multitarget, Single Hit Model
applied to biologic target such as enzymes, viruses, and simple cells such as bacteria
Single Target, Single Hit Model
If a single lonizing radiation occurs in critical area the result to the target to be inactivated or destroyed
Single Target, Single Hit Model
applied to more complicated biologic systems such as human cells
Multitarget, Single Hit Model
applies to more complex, which have multiple more critical target
Multitarget, Single Hit Model
When the radiation dose reaches a level sufficient to kill 63% of the cells (37% survival)
d37
needs larger or higher dose needed to reach 37% survival
high d37 - stem cell
mean lethal dose
Do
define low do
- small dose required for the cell death
- high radiosensitivity
- Cancer cell, simple biological organism
define how resistant or sensitive a cell in human body
d0
define high do
large dose required for cell death
- indicates radio resistance
Normal proliferation rate after interaction in radiation
24 hrs
phase where cell is the mose sensitive
g1
phase where celll is the most resistant
s phase
(1906) two French scientist theorized n observed that radio sensitivity was a function of the metabolic state of the tissue being irradiated
Jean Alban Bergonie (1857-1925)
Louis Tribondeau (1872-1918)
what did they use as a tool for experimentation abt metabolic state and radiosensitivity
rabbit testicles
what does the law of bergonie and tribondeaue states
O Undifferentiated cells (stem cells); most radiosensitive
Mature & differentiated cells; more resistant
O Younger tissues & organs; radiosensitive
O Tissue w/ high metabolic rate; radiosensitive
O High proliferation rate for cells n high growth rate for tissues result in increased radiosensitivity
between rbc and stem cell what is more radiosensitive
stem cell
overall most radiosensitive
rbc
relationship between mitosis and radiosensitivity
DR
Enumerate the systems from highest radiosensitivity to radioresistant
- Hematopoietic system; Bone Marrow n Lymphatic tissue
- Reproductive System: Testis n Ovary
- Gastrointestinal system:
Mucous membrane, small intestine villus - Epidermis and Eyes: Hair follicle, sweat glands, skin, n lens
- Other: lung, kidney, kidney, liver, thyroid gland
- Support System: Blood vessel, muscle, bone
- Transmission System: Nerve / Neuron
what includes in high sensitivity cells
Lymphocytes
Spermatogonia
Erythroblast
Intestinal Crypt Cell
what includes in the intermediate sensitivity cells
Endothelial
Osteoblast
Spermatids
Fibroblast
the most radiosensitive type of blood cells that plays a key role in the immune system
Lymphocyte
- Precursor cell of sperm production, they undergo mitotic n meiotic division to form mature cell
Spermatogonia
- immature RBC that develop into mature erythrocytes, helping carrying oxygen in our body
Erythroblasts
stem cell found in the intestine, responsible for generating for intestinal lining, also help in nutrition absorption n maintaining gut help
Intestinal crypt cell
- this cell are located in the inner lining of the blood vessel n help in blood flow regulation, nutrient exchange n blood clot prevention
Endothelial
- Responsible for bone formation by producing bone matrix
Osteoblast
immature cell that undergo further development to become mature spermatozoa
Spermatids
Bone destruction
Osteoclast
Spermatogenesis - process
Spermatogonia
Spermatocytes
Spermatids
Spermatozoa
- essential for wound healing n tissue repair, production of collagen in our body
Fibroblasts
-responsible for movement by contracting n generating force
-ex. Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Muscle cell
used to transmit electrical n chemical signals throughout the body
Nerve cell
attract protein
Cancer Cells
possibility to have an interaction in target molecule
10-15%
