PHARMA DEAN Flashcards
first to observed what he called “wee animalcules” under microscope
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
- Major causes of death in the U.S. on the 21st century
microbial infection like:
- pneumonia
- tuberculosis
- gastroenteritis
- diphtheria
inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria in which the air sacs becomes filled with inflammatory cells and the lungs becomes solid.
PNEUMONIA
tuberculosis is cause by what basteria
myobacterium tuberculosis
when was tb virus got discovered and by whom
1882 by robert kock
– inflammation of the stomach and intestine
GASTROENTERITIS
usually due to acute infection by viruses or bacteria or to food-poisoning toxins which causes vomiting and diarrhea
GASTROENTERITIS
diptheria is cause by what bactir
corynebacterium diptheria
an acute highly contagious infection, caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheria, generally affecting the throat but occasionally other mucous membranes of the skin.
diptheria
incubation period of diptheria
2-6 days
are essential to life through their ability to recycle organic and inorganic matter
Microbes
establishment and growth of a microorganism on or in host
Infections
can produce certain side effects such as extremely high body temperature, nausea, vomiting or shock
EXOTOXINS
simple internal organization.
BACTERIA
lack nuclei and membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotes
have a true nucleus
eukaryotes
- Although bacteria are single celled, they may reside in the host in a group or cluster called
colony
Bacteria are identified and classified according to their
morphology, biochemistry, and genetic constitution
is the size or shape of the bacterium
Morphology
Morphology is determined through stainng calles
gram staining
The medically important bacteria are classified into three general morphologies:
cocci or spheres, bacilli or rods, and spirals.
is a survival form of the bacterium that is produced, most often in response to nutritional deprivation.
endospore
Of all the bacteria able to produce endospore, only two genera, ________, are more medical importance
Bacillus and Clostridium
an infection of the pharynx, the back of the throat)
streptococcal
Pharyngitis
grows freely in badly preserved canned food, producing toxin causing serious food poisoning
clostridium botulinum
associated with pneumonia and other respiratory infection
klebsiela pneumonia infection
much simpler in form compared with bacteria or animal cells.
VIRUSES
are neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic
Viruses
wiruses are considred as what
obligate intercellular parasite
a protein that surround the dna and rna of a virus is called
capsid
The size of a virus may vary from
20 to 250nm
A nanometer is equal to
10^-9 m
caused by herpes simplex virus is an example of a latent viral infection.
cold sore
caused by the rhinovirus,
cold
infectious mononucleosis caused by the
epsteins barr
warts are cuase by
apppilomavirus
process of infection
incubation
prodromal
full disease
convalescent
The pathogen enters the body and may lie dormant for a short period, then begins to produce nonspecific symptoms of disease.
Incubation stage
More specific symptoms of the particular disease are exhibited. andhihgly ifectious
Prodromal stage
The disease reaches its fullest extent or, in some cases, produces only vague, subclinical symptoms; however, the disease continues to be highly infectious
Full disease stage
The symptoms diminish and eventually disappear. Some diseases disapper, but the microbe that caused the disease goes into a latent phase.
Convalescent stage
macroscopic, as in the case of mushrooms and puffballs, or microscopic, such as yeast and molds.
Fungi
eukaryotic organisms with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
fungi
fungal cells differ from animal cells in what due to what
STEROL
is better known as mold
filamentous hypha
These branches are where spores are formed. called
conidia
Diseases cause by fungi can be of four different classifications.
superficial infection
cutaneous infection
subcutaneous fungal infection
systemic infection
which usually causes discoloration of the skin.
superficial infection
fungal infection that results in a painless black or brown discoloration
Tinea Nigra
which involve the keratinized tissues of the hair, nails, and skin.
cutaneous infections
Protozoa are classified according to their
motility
The most common clinical infection in this group of uctaneous infection
athlete’s foot
infection that enters the human host as a result of trauma to the skin
subcutaneous fungal infection
infection, which enters the circulatory and lymphatic systems and may be fatal.
systemic infection
classified by its slow cellular flowing
amoeboid locomotion
facilitated by long flagella
a protein tail
moves by the action of the numerous short protein tails called
cilia
, a sexually transmitted disease that infects both male and female hosts
Trichomonas vaginalis
ESTABLISHMENT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE
- encounter
- entry
- spread
- multiplication
- damage
- outcome
involves the infectious organism coming in contact with the host.
encounter
some microorganisms are able to pass through the placenta to create what are called
congenital infections
example of congenital infection
rubella and syphilis
what system has direct connection with the exterior
digestive, biliary, urinary, and respiratory systems
- An infectious microbe can gain entrance into the human body by either
ingression or penetration
these microorganisms adhere to the surface of the cell and excrete toxins that cause a distressed state within the system.
Ingression
- The most common example of a symptom caused by an ingressive organism
diarrhea
most important barrier for the microbe to overcome
host immune defenses
Disease were assumed to be spread by an unknown entity called a
contagion
FOUR FACTORS INVOLVED IN SPREAD OF DISEASE (Koch):
- HOST
- AN INFECTIOUS AGENT
- MODE OF TRANSMISSION
- RESERVOIR
from outside the body
Exogenously
transmission from inside
endogenously
microbial community found on a healthy person
flora
site where the infectious organism can remain alive and from which transmission can occur
RESERVOIR
is an infected person who does not display the disease symptoms
CARRIER
– hospital acquired condition
Nosocomial
result of intervention with a physician whether he or she is in the hospital
- Iatrogenic infection
