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MRT > RAD PRO FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

RAD PRO FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Angle for AP axial toes

A

10-15 degrees

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2
Q

AP toe oblique rotation direction

A

medial rotation, lateral rotation for 4/5th if needed

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3
Q

Lateral toe rotation direction

A

big toe: lateromedial, 2-5: mediolateral

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4
Q

Important to do with lateral and oblique toes?

A

move the unaffected digits out of the way

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5
Q

Maker position for lateral great toe?

A

face down

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6
Q

How do you know when toe is in true lateral?

A

toenail in profile, concave plantar surface

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7
Q

Angle for AP axial foot? and standing AP axial feet?

A

10-15 degrees posteriorly (toward heel)

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8
Q

With oblique foot, the 3-5th metatarsals should be?

A

free of superimposition

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8
Q

More or less tube angle with higher foot arch - AP axial?

A

higher arch = more angle

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9
Q

With oblique foot, the 1-2 metatarsals should be>

A

superimposed with cuneiforms

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10
Q

With oblique foot, the cuboid should be?

A

free of superimposition

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11
Q

Important to have foot ________ in lateral position

A

dorsiflexed

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12
Q

What anatomy should be included in the lateral foot?

A

entire foot, and distal tib / fib

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13
Q

What markers to include with AP axial weight bearing?

A

R/L and arrow up

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14
Q

Angle for AP calcaneus

A

40 degrees, cephalad

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15
Q

Important to have foot in what position for calcaneus?

A

dorsiflexed 90 degrees

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16
Q

Malleoli position in AP ankle?

A

lateral should be closer to IR than medial

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17
Q

Malleoli position in AP oblique?

A

internally rotate until both malleoli are parallel to IR

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18
Q

What does the mortise view project?

A

Open mortise joint

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19
Q

What do stress views demonstrate?

A

ligament or tendon damage

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20
Q

Stress view positions?

A

AP foot dorsiflexed as much as possible and forced inversion/enversion of foot - done by radiologist or surgeon with lead gloves

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21
Q

What to include on tib/fib projection?

A

femoral condyles, ankle and knee joints

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22
Q

Tib/fib allows for increase SID up to?

A

120

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23
Q

What should be free of superimposition with tib/fib AP?

A

Fibular midshft

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24
Q

AP knee may require _____ internal rotation

A

5 degree to position epicondyles parallel to IR

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25
Q

AP knee should display open __________ joint

A

femorotibial joint space

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26
Q

What can you do to avoid using angle on PA knee?

A

Have pt place toes on table to open up joint space

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27
Q

Angle for AP knee?

A

bring tube down, match angle to tibia and reduce CR by 5 degrees

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28
Q

PA oblique lateral knee marker position

A

face down

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29
Q

Plural vs singular term for toes

A

plural: planages, single: phalanx

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30
Q

What does an AP axial toe projection demonstrate?

A

Open Interphalangeal (IP) and Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint spaces

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31
Q

What foot projection displays cuboid and tuberosity of the 5th MT?

A

AP oblique

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32
Q

Lateral Weight Bearing marker position

A

R/L & arrow face down

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33
Q

What does the Lateral Weight Bearing demonstrate?

A

longitudinal arch

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34
Q

Axial inferosuperior calcaneus demonstrates:

A

calcaneus and subtalar joint

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35
Q

Why is it important to not flex knee too much ?

A

will tighten muscles / tendons- can obscure areas

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36
Q

In AP oblique external rotation knee, ______ is superimposed over tibia

A

fibula

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37
Q

AP oblique internal rotation of the knee demonstrates:

A

proximal tib/fib joint and lateral tibia and femoral condyles

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38
Q

Angle for AP wt bearing standing bilateral knees

A

5 degrees caudad

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39
Q

Angle for PA wt bearing standing bilateral knees (Intercondylar Fossa (Notch)

A

10 degrees caudad

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40
Q

AP wt bearing standing bilateral knees demonstrates:

A

cartilage degeneration of knee joints

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41
Q

PA wt bearing standing bilateral (Intercondylar Fossa (Notch) knees demonstrates:

A

cartilage degeneration of knee joints (tunnel view)

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42
Q

List the axial tunnel view - (Intercondylar Fossa (Notch) methods:

A

Holmblad (PA), Beclere (AP), Camp coventry (PA)

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43
Q

Posture for holmblad method?

A

Pt kneeling on table, leaning forward so affected femur is 20 degrees to the CR - foot on table to create 5 degree angle on tibia

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44
Q

Angle with beclere method?

A

Align tube with tibia then reduce CR 5°
to align with the tibial plateau

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45
Q

Angle for camp coventry method?

A

40-45 degrees

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46
Q

For a true PA patella, rotate the knee _____ internally

A

5 degrees

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47
Q

Important to remember with sitting patella inferosuperior:

A

Thyroid shielding

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48
Q

Tube angle for both supine and sitting patella inferosuperior

A

15-20 degrees

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49
Q

What is the “hughston” method

A

patella prone inferosuperior

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50
Q

For AP distal femur, rotate leg ____ internally

A

5 degrees

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51
Q

For AP proximal femur, rotate leg ____ internally

A

15-20 degrees

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52
Q

Important to remember for hip,pelvis, etc:

A

gondal shielding properly based on gender

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53
Q

What must you include with AP pelvis?

A

symphysis pubis and Iliac crests

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54
Q

For AP pelvis, rotate feet / legs internally _____ (unless dislocation suspected)

A

15-20 degrees

55
Q

What is the “frog leg” / cleaves method projection

A

AP oblique pelvis

56
Q

What does the “frog leg” / cleaves method, demonstrate

A

CHD and Oblique Femoral necks

57
Q

“Lauenstein / Hickey Method” projection for:

A

Lateral hip - affected side down

58
Q

Lauenstein / Hickey Method demonstrates

A

foreshortens the neck but demonstrates head and acetabulum

59
Q

“Judet” projection for:

A

acetabulum - AP oblique external (affected side up) / internal (affected side down)

60
Q

“judet” projection demonstrates:

A

anterior rim and posterior Ilioischial column

61
Q

Tube angle for inlet & outlet pelvic

A

inlet: 40 caudad, outlet: 30 degrees caudad

62
Q

Collimate up to ____ with outlet & _____ with inlet

A

Asis - outlet, crest - inlet

63
Q

Pelvic outlet demonstrates

A

Superior and inferior rami of pubis and the body and ramus of ischium

64
Q

Pelvic inlet demonstrates

A

pelvic ring or inlet

65
Q

For a lateral view of the 4th toe, the ______ surface of the foot is closest to the IR.

A

lateral

66
Q

Marker down or up with holmblad?

A

up

67
Q

Holmblad (PA), Beclere (AP), Camp coventry (PA) all demonstrate:

A

open intercondylar fossa, plateau in profile, posterioinferior surface of condyles, intercondylar eminence

68
Q

Largest sesamoid bone

A

patella

69
Q

PA or AP knee for better SR?

A

PA - less OID

70
Q

AP/PA knee demonstrates:

A

patella superimposed by femur

71
Q

PT position for hughston method?

A

pt prone (stomach), knee flexed on the table 30 degrees, CR 15-20 degrees towards patella, pt can support leg with rope - marker up

72
Q

Patella inferiorsuperior views

A

skyline, hughston, settegast

73
Q

Skyline tube angle

A

15 - 20 degrees

74
Q

Patella inferiorsuperior demonstrates:

A

open patellofemoral joint, anterior surfaces of femoral condyles

75
Q

Patella inferiorsuperior is good for visualizing:

A

vertical fractures

76
Q

Settegast method - prone (patella inferior-superior) pt position

A

prone, knee flxed 90, CR 15-20. degrees, flip marker to face other way - can be done sitting as well (casette is laid flat on leg instead of up)

77
Q

AP tib / fib demonstrates:

A

Ankle/knee joints, proximal & distal tibio-fibular joints overlapping

78
Q

In a lateral tib/fib the femoral condyles will be __________

A

superimposed

79
Q

When doing internal/external obliques, start with ______

A

lateral, then medial

80
Q

Tube angle for lateral knee

A

5-7 degrees cephalad

81
Q

Lateral knee shows the ________ superimposed

A

femoral condyles

82
Q

lateral knee demonstrates

A

femoral condyles superimposed, open femorotibial joint space, open patellofemoral joint space, Fibular head slightly superimposed with tibia

83
Q

A under rotated lateral knee shows what?

A

adductor tubercle of medial condyle

84
Q

A over rotated lateral knee shows what?

A

posterior surface of lateral epicondyle

85
Q

What does the trauma cross table lateral demonstrate?

A

fat/fluid levels (lipohemathrosis)

86
Q

Erect leg imaging is able to show:

A

Arthritis progression, joint space narrowing, deformities valgus/varus

87
Q

For standing knees, _______ in profile and ______ visible

A

tibial plateau, intercondylar fossa (notch)

88
Q

AP oblique toes rotation

A

Medial

89
Q

Femur landmarks:

A

epicondyles, greater trochanter

90
Q

Do you suspend resp with femur?

A

yes

91
Q

The _______ should not be shortened in a AP femur

A

femoral neck

92
Q

Why would pelvic images be taken?

A

trauma, congenital issues, arthritis

93
Q

Do you suspend resp with pelvic imaging?

A

yes - anything above femur

94
Q

If completing cross table axiolateral hip, important to line up what to be parallel?

A

Align femoral neck to be parallel with Bucky

95
Q

AP pelvis demonstrates:

A

greater trochanters, femoral necks, lesser trochanters superimposed, ischial spines equal, Sacrum and coccyx aligned with pubic symphysis

96
Q

“frog leg” not completed if _________

A

suspected fracture or dislocation

97
Q

PT position in “frog leg” AP oblique pelvis

A

on their back with their legs 45 degrees (or one leg if unilateral), feet together

98
Q

“frog” AP oblique demonstrates:

A

Lesser trochanter on medial aspect of femur, femoral neck without superimposition by the greater trochanter

99
Q

AP hip demonstrates:

A

Greater trochanter, head of femur in acetabulum, No foreshortening of femoral neck, Hip joint

100
Q

Axiolateral hip IR position

A

crosswise with a grid (gridlines*)

101
Q

Axiolateral hip exit point

A

greater trochanter

102
Q

Axiolateral hip demonstrates:

A

Hip joint and acetabulum, femoral neck without overlap, ischial tuberosity

103
Q

In a lateral view of the foot, the long axis of the foot is positioned ________ to the leg. This is termed _________

A

Perpendicular, dorsiflexion

104
Q

Which foot projection would best demonstrate the cuboid tarsal?

A

Medial oblique foot

105
Q

Which foot position and patient posture would best demonstrate the longitudinal arches?

A

Lateral standing weight bearing

106
Q

Name 3 different locations of sesamoid bones found in the lower extremity.

A

Under great toe, patella, and fabella

107
Q

Which views of the foot would benefit from use of a filter while imaging?

A

AP axial, medial oblique, and inferosuperior calcaneus

108
Q

Which two posterior views of the ankle may be requested to demonstrate torn ligaments?

A

Inversion and eversion (stress views)

109
Q

How would a patient with a compound fracture of the tibia be imaged?

A

AP and horizontal ray lateral (cross table)

110
Q

For the mortise view of the ankle, the line between the malleoli is ______ to the plane of the IR

A

parallel

111
Q

For an AP or PA of the knee joint, the line between the femoral epicondyles should be parallel to the plane of the IR.

A

Parallel

112
Q

When and why would a cephalad tube angle of 5º be used for a lateral projection of the knee?

A

To open the joint space (medial condyle will be lower)

113
Q

PA oblique projection of the knee with external rotation will place the ______ surface of the knee in contact with the tabletop.

A

Medial

114
Q

What will the PA Internal Oblique of the knee best demonstrate?

A

lateral femoral and tibial condyle and medial border of patella

115
Q

Which knee projection best demonstrates the proximal tibiofibular joint?

A

Internal oblique - medial rotation

116
Q

When positioning a prone patient for an intercondyloid fossa view, the tibia is elevated _______ degrees from the tabletop and the CR is _______

A

Tibia elevated 40 degrees - CR is 40 degrees caudad

117
Q

The intercondylar notch view is done for the detection of

A

Joint mice, displaced cartilage (arthisis), and plateau fractures

118
Q

To prevent foreshortening of the femoral neck in an AP projection, positioning of the patient would

A

Internally rotating legs 15-20 degrees - toes together

119
Q

True or false: An AP ‘Frog’ projection of the pelvis is useful to demonstrate hip abnormalities in children.

A

True

120
Q

True or false: In the supine posture, the broad wing of the iliac bone would be demonstrated if the patient’s affected side was rotated towards the table.

A

True (away - ilium would be in profile)

121
Q

True or false: An AP external oblique of the right acetabulum will have the patient positioned with the right side raised.

A

False

122
Q

True or false: An AP internal oblique of the right acetabulum will best demonstrate the posterior rim of the acetabulum

A

True

123
Q

True or false: An AP axial projection of the pelvis with a cephalad angulation is demonstrating an anterior dislocation of the hip, if the femoral head appears superior to the acetabulum in the resultant image.

A

True

124
Q

Cephalad or caudad: CR direction for an axial view of the pubic bones to show elongation would be in which direction?

A

Outlet - cephalad

125
Q

What do Judet views best demonstrate

A

Acetabulum - anterior / posterior rims, ilipubic and ilioischial columns

126
Q

For the axiolateral projection of the hip, the central ray is perpendicular to the ________ and the _________

A

Femoral neck and the IR

127
Q

What malleolus is located on the fibula?

A

Lateral malleolus

128
Q

What malleolus is located on the tibia?

A

medial malleolus

129
Q

With skyline, What type of fracture is best demonstrated with this projection and what type would be contraindicated?

A

Best: verticale fracture, contraindicated: horizontal fracture

130
Q

If the patient cannot dorsiflex the foot, how will you compensate to be able to visualize the joint space?

A

increase CR to compensate

130
Q

How do you prevent anteversion/foreshortening of the femoral necks?

A

Rotate femurs 10 pelvic brim 5°-20° internally if no 7 pubic arch fracture is evident.

131
Q

What determines whether or not an angle is required on the tube for knees?

A

Aligning tube with tibia, subtracting 5

132
Q

What is the clinical sign that would indicate prior to imaging, that the patient most likely has a fractured hip?

A

Affected leg shorter

133
Q

What technique should be utilized that would produce a uniform density of the head and shaft of the femur with artifacts?

A

filter

134
Q

Leg length exams:

A

orthrogenography, scanogram, hips to ankles (bow legged)

135
Q

If using automatic for hips-ankles, important to do what during exposure?

A

hold the switch down the whole time

MRT (12 decks)

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