RAD PRO FINAL EXAM Flashcards
1
Q
Angle for AP axial toes
A
10-15 degrees
2
Q
AP toe oblique rotation direction
A
medial rotation, lateral rotation for 4/5th if needed
3
Q
Lateral toe rotation direction
A
big toe: lateromedial, 2-5: mediolateral
4
Q
Important to do with lateral and oblique toes?
A
move the unaffected digits out of the way
5
Q
Maker position for lateral great toe?
A
face down
6
Q
How do you know when toe is in true lateral?
A
toenail in profile, concave plantar surface
7
Q
Angle for AP axial foot? and standing AP axial feet?
A
10-15 degrees posteriorly (toward heel)
8
Q
With oblique foot, the 3-5th metatarsals should be?
A
free of superimposition
8
Q
More or less tube angle with higher foot arch - AP axial?
A
higher arch = more angle
9
Q
With oblique foot, the 1-2 metatarsals should be>
A
superimposed with cuneiforms
10
Q
With oblique foot, the cuboid should be?
A
free of superimposition
11
Q
Important to have foot ________ in lateral position
A
dorsiflexed
12
Q
What anatomy should be included in the lateral foot?
A
entire foot, and distal tib / fib
13
Q
What markers to include with AP axial weight bearing?
A
R/L and arrow up
14
Q
Angle for AP calcaneus
A
40 degrees, cephalad
15
Q
Important to have foot in what position for calcaneus?
A
dorsiflexed 90 degrees
16
Q
Malleoli position in AP ankle?
A
lateral should be closer to IR than medial
17
Q
Malleoli position in AP oblique?
A
internally rotate until both malleoli are parallel to IR
18
Q
What does the mortise view project?
A
Open mortise joint
19
Q
What do stress views demonstrate?
A
ligament or tendon damage
20
Q
Stress view positions?
A
AP foot dorsiflexed as much as possible and forced inversion/enversion of foot - done by radiologist or surgeon with lead gloves
21
Q
What to include on tib/fib projection?
A
femoral condyles, ankle and knee joints
22
Q
Tib/fib allows for increase SID up to?
A
120
23
Q
What should be free of superimposition with tib/fib AP?
A
Fibular midshft
24
AP knee may require _____ internal rotation
5 degree to position epicondyles parallel to IR
25
AP knee should display open __________ joint
femorotibial joint space
26
What can you do to avoid using angle on PA knee?
Have pt place toes on table to open up joint space
27
Angle for AP knee?
bring tube down, match angle to tibia and reduce CR by 5 degrees
28
PA oblique lateral knee marker position
face down
29
Plural vs singular term for toes
plural: planages, single: phalanx
30
What does an AP axial toe projection demonstrate?
Open Interphalangeal (IP) and Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint spaces
31
What foot projection displays cuboid and tuberosity of the 5th MT?
AP oblique
32
Lateral Weight Bearing marker position
R/L & arrow face down
33
What does the Lateral Weight Bearing demonstrate?
longitudinal arch
34
Axial inferosuperior calcaneus demonstrates:
calcaneus and subtalar joint
35
Why is it important to not flex knee too much ?
will tighten muscles / tendons- can obscure areas
36
In AP oblique external rotation knee, ______ is superimposed over tibia
fibula
37
AP oblique internal rotation of the knee demonstrates:
proximal tib/fib joint and lateral tibia and femoral condyles
38
Angle for AP wt bearing standing bilateral knees
5 degrees caudad
39
Angle for PA wt bearing standing bilateral knees (Intercondylar Fossa (Notch)
10 degrees caudad
40
AP wt bearing standing bilateral knees demonstrates:
cartilage degeneration of knee joints
41
PA wt bearing standing bilateral (Intercondylar Fossa (Notch) knees demonstrates:
cartilage degeneration of knee joints (tunnel view)
42
List the axial tunnel view - (Intercondylar Fossa (Notch) methods:
Holmblad (PA), Beclere (AP), Camp coventry (PA)
43
Posture for holmblad method?
Pt kneeling on table, leaning forward so affected femur is 20 degrees to the CR - foot on table to create 5 degree angle on tibia
44
Angle with beclere method?
Align tube with tibia then reduce CR 5°
to align with the tibial plateau
45
Angle for camp coventry method?
40-45 degrees
46
For a true PA patella, rotate the knee _____ internally
5 degrees
47
Important to remember with sitting patella inferosuperior:
Thyroid shielding
48
Tube angle for both supine and sitting patella inferosuperior
15-20 degrees
49
What is the "hughston" method
patella prone inferosuperior
50
For AP distal femur, rotate leg ____ internally
5 degrees
51
For AP proximal femur, rotate leg ____ internally
15-20 degrees
52
Important to remember for hip,pelvis, etc:
gondal shielding properly based on gender
53
What must you include with AP pelvis?
symphysis pubis and Iliac crests
54
For AP pelvis, rotate feet / legs internally _____ (unless dislocation suspected)
15-20 degrees
55
What is the "frog leg" / cleaves method projection
AP oblique pelvis
56
What does the "frog leg" / cleaves method, demonstrate
CHD and Oblique Femoral necks
57
"Lauenstein / Hickey Method" projection for:
Lateral hip - affected side down
58
Lauenstein / Hickey Method demonstrates
foreshortens the neck but demonstrates head and acetabulum
59
"Judet" projection for:
acetabulum - AP oblique external (affected side up) / internal (affected side down)
60
"judet" projection demonstrates:
anterior rim and posterior Ilioischial column
61
Tube angle for inlet & outlet pelvic
inlet: 40 caudad, outlet: 30 degrees caudad
62
Collimate up to ____ with outlet & _____ with inlet
Asis - outlet, crest - inlet
63
Pelvic outlet demonstrates
Superior and inferior rami of pubis and the body and ramus of ischium
64
Pelvic inlet demonstrates
pelvic ring or inlet
65
For a lateral view of the 4th toe, the ______ surface of the foot is closest to the IR.
lateral
66
Marker down or up with holmblad?
up
67
Holmblad (PA), Beclere (AP), Camp coventry (PA) all demonstrate:
open intercondylar fossa, plateau in profile, posterioinferior surface of condyles, intercondylar eminence
68
Largest sesamoid bone
patella
69
PA or AP knee for better SR?
PA - less OID
70
AP/PA knee demonstrates:
patella superimposed by femur
71
PT position for hughston method?
pt prone (stomach), knee flexed on the table 30 degrees, CR 15-20 degrees towards patella, pt can support leg with rope - marker up
72
Patella inferiorsuperior views
skyline, hughston, settegast
73
Skyline tube angle
15 - 20 degrees
74
Patella inferiorsuperior demonstrates:
open patellofemoral joint, anterior surfaces of femoral condyles
75
Patella inferiorsuperior is good for visualizing:
vertical fractures
76
Settegast method - prone (patella inferior-superior) pt position
prone, knee flxed 90, CR 15-20. degrees, flip marker to face other way - can be done sitting as well (casette is laid flat on leg instead of up)
77
AP tib / fib demonstrates:
Ankle/knee joints, proximal & distal tibio-fibular joints overlapping
78
In a lateral tib/fib the femoral condyles will be __________
superimposed
79
When doing internal/external obliques, start with ______
lateral, then medial
80
Tube angle for lateral knee
5-7 degrees cephalad
81
Lateral knee shows the ________ superimposed
femoral condyles
82
lateral knee demonstrates
femoral condyles superimposed, open femorotibial joint space, open patellofemoral joint space, Fibular head slightly superimposed with tibia
83
A under rotated lateral knee shows what?
adductor tubercle of medial condyle
84
A over rotated lateral knee shows what?
posterior surface of lateral epicondyle
85
What does the trauma cross table lateral demonstrate?
fat/fluid levels (lipohemathrosis)
86
Erect leg imaging is able to show:
Arthritis progression, joint space narrowing, deformities valgus/varus
87
For standing knees, _______ in profile and ______ visible
tibial plateau, intercondylar fossa (notch)
88
AP oblique toes rotation
Medial
89
Femur landmarks:
epicondyles, greater trochanter
90
Do you suspend resp with femur?
yes
91
The _______ should not be shortened in a AP femur
femoral neck
92
Why would pelvic images be taken?
trauma, congenital issues, arthritis
93
Do you suspend resp with pelvic imaging?
yes - anything above femur
94
If completing cross table axiolateral hip, important to line up what to be parallel?
Align femoral neck to be parallel with Bucky
95
AP pelvis demonstrates:
greater trochanters, femoral necks, lesser trochanters superimposed, ischial spines equal, Sacrum and coccyx aligned with pubic symphysis
96
"frog leg" not completed if _________
suspected fracture or dislocation
97
PT position in "frog leg" AP oblique pelvis
on their back with their legs 45 degrees (or one leg if unilateral), feet together
98
"frog" AP oblique demonstrates:
Lesser trochanter on medial aspect of femur, femoral neck without superimposition by the greater trochanter
99
AP hip demonstrates:
Greater trochanter, head of femur in acetabulum, No foreshortening of femoral neck, Hip joint
100
Axiolateral hip IR position
crosswise with a grid (gridlines*)
101
Axiolateral hip exit point
greater trochanter
102
Axiolateral hip demonstrates:
Hip joint and acetabulum, femoral neck without overlap, ischial tuberosity
103
In a lateral view of the foot, the long axis of the foot is positioned ________ to the leg. This is termed _________
Perpendicular, dorsiflexion
104
Which foot projection would best demonstrate the cuboid tarsal?
Medial oblique foot
105
Which foot position and patient posture would best demonstrate the longitudinal arches?
Lateral standing weight bearing
106
Name 3 different locations of sesamoid bones found in the lower extremity.
Under great toe, patella, and fabella
107
Which views of the foot would benefit from use of a filter while imaging?
AP axial, medial oblique, and inferosuperior calcaneus
108
Which two posterior views of the ankle may be requested to demonstrate torn ligaments?
Inversion and eversion (stress views)
109
How would a patient with a compound fracture of the tibia be imaged?
AP and horizontal ray lateral (cross table)
110
For the mortise view of the ankle, the line between the malleoli is ______ to the plane of the IR
parallel
111
For an AP or PA of the knee joint, the line between the femoral epicondyles should be parallel to the plane of the IR.
Parallel
112
When and why would a cephalad tube angle of 5º be used for a lateral projection of the knee?
To open the joint space (medial condyle will be lower)
113
PA oblique projection of the knee with external rotation will place the ______ surface of the knee in contact with the tabletop.
Medial
114
What will the PA Internal Oblique of the knee best demonstrate?
lateral femoral and tibial condyle and medial border of patella
115
Which knee projection best demonstrates the proximal tibiofibular joint?
Internal oblique - medial rotation
116
When positioning a prone patient for an intercondyloid fossa view, the tibia is elevated _______ degrees from the tabletop and the CR is _______
Tibia elevated 40 degrees - CR is 40 degrees caudad
117
The intercondylar notch view is done for the detection of
Joint mice, displaced cartilage (arthisis), and plateau fractures
118
To prevent foreshortening of the femoral neck in an AP projection, positioning of the patient would
Internally rotating legs 15-20 degrees - toes together
119
True or false: An AP ‘Frog’ projection of the pelvis is useful to demonstrate hip abnormalities in children.
True
120
True or false: In the supine posture, the broad wing of the iliac bone would be demonstrated if the patient’s affected side was rotated towards the table.
True (away - ilium would be in profile)
121
True or false: An AP external oblique of the right acetabulum will have the patient positioned with the right side raised.
False
122
True or false: An AP internal oblique of the right acetabulum will best demonstrate the posterior rim of the acetabulum
True
123
True or false: An AP axial projection of the pelvis with a cephalad angulation is demonstrating an anterior dislocation of the hip, if the femoral head appears superior to the acetabulum in the resultant image.
True
124
Cephalad or caudad: CR direction for an axial view of the pubic bones to show elongation would be in which direction?
Outlet - cephalad
125
What do Judet views best demonstrate
Acetabulum - anterior / posterior rims, ilipubic and ilioischial columns
126
For the axiolateral projection of the hip, the central ray is perpendicular to the ________ and the _________
Femoral neck and the IR
127
What malleolus is located on the fibula?
Lateral malleolus
128
What malleolus is located on the tibia?
medial malleolus
129
With skyline, What type of fracture is best demonstrated with this projection and what type would be contraindicated?
Best: verticale fracture, contraindicated: horizontal fracture
130
If the patient cannot dorsiflex the foot, how will you compensate to be able to visualize the joint space?
increase CR to compensate
130
How do you prevent anteversion/foreshortening of the femoral necks?
Rotate femurs 10 pelvic brim 5°-20° internally if no 7 pubic arch fracture is evident.
131
What determines whether or not an angle is required on the tube for knees?
Aligning tube with tibia, subtracting 5
132
What is the clinical sign that would indicate prior to imaging, that the patient most likely has a fractured hip?
Affected leg shorter
133
What technique should be utilized that would produce a uniform density of the head and shaft of the femur with artifacts?
filter
134
Leg length exams:
orthrogenography, scanogram, hips to ankles (bow legged)
135
If using automatic for hips-ankles, important to do what during exposure?
hold the switch down the whole time
