ANATOMY FINAL EXAM - RESP Flashcards
Function of respiratory system?
gas exchange (removal of CO2, intake oxygen), regulates blood pH, filters air
Why do we need oxygen?
energy, metabolic processes (tissues with no oxygen = dies)
What can too much CO2 cause?
can make blood too acidic - breaks down into carbonic acid (respiratory acidosis)
Blood pH
7.4
List respiratory cavities
nasal, oral, thoracic (chest)
What separates the abdominal cavity and thoracic cavity?
diaphragm
Is the size of mediastinum important clinically? Does normal imaging affects size of mediastinum?
yes, bigger (can represent damage to vessel) and yes, in AP - heart looks more magnified and mediastinum looks bigger - important to tell radiologist if it was AP/PA
Where is the mediastinum? contains?
Area between the lungs (heart, esophagus, thymus, aorta, trachea - NOT lungs)
Cavities within the thoracic cavity
1 pericardial and 2 pleural
What can cause air to show in lung/chest area on xray?
punctured lung / collapsed lung
How many ribs do you need to see on full inspiration?
10 posterior ribs, superior to diaphragm
Reasons why you might not see 10 ribs in image?
not taken on full inspiration, patient unable to take full inspiration (ex. fluid in lung)
Fluid inside the lung is
plural edema
with upper resp system, you’d image what with infection?
sinuses
with lower resp system, you’d image what with infection?
chest - pneumonia
Upper resp consist of
nasal, nasal cavity, pharynx
Lower resp consist of
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
What lines the superior portion of diaphragm and chest wall
Parietal pleura (outer)
What is located between visceral and parietal pleura? (between the chest wall and lungs)
pleural cavity *
What is the pleural cavity *
Negative pressure (like a suction-helps expand lungs), contains small amount of serous fluid (reduces friction), keeps the lung to the surface of the ribs
Resp system consist of:
nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Resp system classification: structurally
upper and lower respiratory system
Resp system classification: functionally
Conducting zone and respiratory zone
What is located in the upper vs lower resp system
upper: pharynx, nasal cavity, nose
lower: lungs, trachea, bronchi, larynx
With upper resp tract infection, what would you image?
sinuses (lower - think of lungs like pneumonia and chest infection)
explain conducting zone:
air way tubes that carry oxygenated blood to the lungs and warm / filter air to & from lungs to resp zone (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, etc)
explain resp zone:
tubes within the lungs, where gas exchange occurs (bronchioles, alveolar ducts / sacs)
Purpose of nasal conchae?
filter air
Once nasal cavity extends posteriorly to end of hard palate, becomes ______
nasal pharynx
Pharynx consist of:
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx (all 3 resp system - digestive system is oropharynx and laryngopharynx)
Tip of soft palate
uvula
Where are the pharyngeal tonsil located?
in the nasopharynx
Where are the lingual and palatine tonsils located?
oropharynx
Location of vallecula?
Superior to epiglottis
Where does saliva get stored?
vallecula
What connects to the larynx and esophagus?
Laryngopharynx (level of hyoid to esophagus)
What happens to the esophagus when you swallow?
gets bigger (barium paste helps view on CT)
What connects the layngopharynx to the trachea?
larynx (voice box-vocal cards here) - trachea is inferior to larynx
Location of larynx c-spine
C4 to C6
Landmark for C5:
Thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple - middle of larynx)
When you swallow, what happens to your epiglottis?
flips DOWN, covers glottis (to prevent aspiration)
What does the epiglottis during breathing?
Opens UP so air can go in - sits UP like it usually does
What projection shows epiglottis?
lateral (should look pointy)
Opening of the larynx is called ______
glottis
What is the valsalva maneuver
“bearing down” / pushing hard / straining
Trachea located where? (spine landmark)
C6-T5
What helps keep trachea open?
formed by 16-20 c shapes cartilages stacked on top of each other
Trachea is ______ to esophagus, esophagus is _____ to the trachea
anterior, posterior (swallow, esophagus goes anteriorly)
How to access for rotation of a chest image?
if the spinous processes are in the middle - no rotation
Right main stem bronchus is more ______ , why is this an issue?
vertical - because most aspirated objects will go here since its straight down
What happens if the lung gets punctured?
pneumothorax (collection of air outside the lung) - have to get a chest tube
From the trachea of bronchi, branches off to:
right/left main stem bronchi (2), lobar bronchi (5), segmental bronchi (20), bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, lung lobule (over 100,000)
How many lobes in right/left lung?
right: 3, left: 2
how many lobar bronchi in right/left lung?
right: 3, left: 2
Why do we have bronchopulmonary segments
Because they can be removed
How many lung lobules?
over 100,000
Each lung lobule has:
lymphatic, arteriole, venule, branch from terminal bronchiole
What happens with alveoli
Gas exchange (lung lobules) - type 1 cells
Why are surfactants critical for alveoli?
lower surface tension, and therefore reduce collapse of alveoli - to maintain it open
What makes up lung tissue:
alveoli, connective tissue (elastin, collagen)
Apex and base location of lungs:
apex - TOP, base - BOTTOM
What to include to make sure you get all of the lungs in an image?
C7-T1
What is the position of diaphragm anteriorly?
T10 (xphoid process)
What is the position of diaphragm posterioly?
Dips down, make sure you adjust bucky 1 inch when doing lateral
Where the ribs and the costo meet is called:
Costophrenic Angles
Which lung has the cardiac notch?
left
What happens to the diaphragm when you breath in?
flattens “stucking stomach in FLAT”, goes UP when you breathe out
When taking image of the chest, take it on ________ inspiration
FULL - to flatten it down
define pleural effusion
build up of fluid around lungs - in the pleural space
Right lungs vs left lung
Right: shorter ; has upper, middle, lower lobe
separated by horizontal/oblique fissure
Left: longer ; has cardiac notch ; only has upper (oblique fissure) and lower lobe
For left lateral projection of ribs:
center at middle
Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries (2) purpose: **
Carry DEOXYGENATED blood from the right side of heart to the capillaries surrounding the alveoli
Bronchial arteries purpose:
carry oxygenated blood to supply the lung tissue (muscular walls of the bronchi and bronchioles)
Pulmonary vein (4) purpose:
Carry oxygenated blood from the capillaries surrounding the alveoli back to the left side of the heart
respiration process: pulmonary ventilation
Exchange of air (inspiration/expiration) way to remember: “ventilator - taking air IN and out”
respiration process: external/pulmonary respiration
Exchange of gases between alveoli and surrounded capillaries
respiration process: internal/tissue respiration
Exchange of gases between blood in system capillaries and tissues
During inspiration:
diaphragm flattens down, external intercostals elevate ribs/inspiration “old mcdonald had a farm E I E I o - “important for inspiration - diaphragm and external intercostal muscles) active process
According to boyles law: inspiration
Increase volume and decrease pressure
During expiration:
Lungs spring back, diaphragm / external intercostal muscles relax. Both decrease pressure/volume. Passive process (no energy)
Which muscles are involved during expiration during quiet breathing?
none
Forced expiration is a _____ process
active
Forced expiration contracts the abdominal muscles and the ______ intercostal muscles
internal
Chemoreceptors monitor levels of _____ and ____ in blood
CO2 and O2 - high levels of Co2 in blood would cause you to breathe / exhale faster - CO2 (respiration rate)
Boyles law:
Why we have inspiration/expiration - As vol increases, pressure decreases - diaphragm flattens out, EIM lift ribs up/out
Daltons law
partial pressures of O2 and CO2 determine their movement - From higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure.
