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MRT > ANATOMY FINAL EXAM - RESP > Flashcards

ANATOMY FINAL EXAM - RESP Flashcards

1
Q

Function of respiratory system?

A

gas exchange (removal of CO2, intake oxygen), regulates blood pH, filters air

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1
Q

Why do we need oxygen?

A

energy, metabolic processes (tissues with no oxygen = dies)

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2
Q

What can too much CO2 cause?

A

can make blood too acidic - breaks down into carbonic acid (respiratory acidosis)

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3
Q

Blood pH

A

7.4

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4
Q

List respiratory cavities

A

nasal, oral, thoracic (chest)

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5
Q

What separates the abdominal cavity and thoracic cavity?

A

diaphragm

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6
Q

Is the size of mediastinum important clinically? Does normal imaging affects size of mediastinum?

A

yes, bigger (can represent damage to vessel) and yes, in AP - heart looks more magnified and mediastinum looks bigger - important to tell radiologist if it was AP/PA

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7
Q

Where is the mediastinum? contains?

A

Area between the lungs (heart, esophagus, thymus, aorta, trachea - NOT lungs)

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8
Q

Cavities within the thoracic cavity

A

1 pericardial and 2 pleural

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9
Q

What can cause air to show in lung/chest area on xray?

A

punctured lung / collapsed lung

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10
Q

How many ribs do you need to see on full inspiration?

A

10 posterior ribs, superior to diaphragm

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11
Q

Reasons why you might not see 10 ribs in image?

A

not taken on full inspiration, patient unable to take full inspiration (ex. fluid in lung)

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12
Q

Fluid inside the lung is

A

plural edema

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13
Q

with upper resp system, you’d image what with infection?

A

sinuses

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14
Q

with lower resp system, you’d image what with infection?

A

chest - pneumonia

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15
Q

Upper resp consist of

A

nasal, nasal cavity, pharynx

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16
Q

Lower resp consist of

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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17
Q

What lines the superior portion of diaphragm and chest wall

A

Parietal pleura (outer)

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18
Q

What is located between visceral and parietal pleura? (between the chest wall and lungs)

A

pleural cavity *

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19
Q

What is the pleural cavity *

A

Negative pressure (like a suction-helps expand lungs), contains small amount of serous fluid (reduces friction), keeps the lung to the surface of the ribs

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20
Q

Resp system consist of:

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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21
Q

Resp system classification: structurally

A

upper and lower respiratory system

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22
Q

Resp system classification: functionally

A

Conducting zone and respiratory zone

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23
Q

What is located in the upper vs lower resp system

A

upper: pharynx, nasal cavity, nose
lower: lungs, trachea, bronchi, larynx

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24
Q

With upper resp tract infection, what would you image?

A

sinuses (lower - think of lungs like pneumonia and chest infection)

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25
Q

explain conducting zone:

A

air way tubes that carry oxygenated blood to the lungs and warm / filter air to & from lungs to resp zone (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, etc)

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26
Q

explain resp zone:

A

tubes within the lungs, where gas exchange occurs (bronchioles, alveolar ducts / sacs)

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27
Q

Purpose of nasal conchae?

A

filter air

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28
Q

Once nasal cavity extends posteriorly to end of hard palate, becomes ______

A

nasal pharynx

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29
Q

Pharynx consist of:

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx (all 3 resp system - digestive system is oropharynx and laryngopharynx)

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30
Q

Tip of soft palate

A

uvula

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31
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsil located?

A

in the nasopharynx

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32
Q

Where are the lingual and palatine tonsils located?

A

oropharynx

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33
Q

Location of vallecula?

A

Superior to epiglottis

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34
Q

Where does saliva get stored?

A

vallecula

35
Q

What connects to the larynx and esophagus?

A

Laryngopharynx (level of hyoid to esophagus)

36
Q

What happens to the esophagus when you swallow?

A

gets bigger (barium paste helps view on CT)

37
Q

What connects the layngopharynx to the trachea?

A

larynx (voice box-vocal cards here) - trachea is inferior to larynx

38
Q

Location of larynx c-spine

A

C4 to C6

39
Q

Landmark for C5:

A

Thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple - middle of larynx)

40
Q

When you swallow, what happens to your epiglottis?

A

flips DOWN, covers glottis (to prevent aspiration)

41
Q

What does the epiglottis during breathing?

A

Opens UP so air can go in - sits UP like it usually does

42
Q

What projection shows epiglottis?

A

lateral (should look pointy)

43
Q

Opening of the larynx is called ______

A

glottis

44
Q

What is the valsalva maneuver

A

“bearing down” / pushing hard / straining

45
Q

Trachea located where? (spine landmark)

A

C6-T5

46
Q

What helps keep trachea open?

A

formed by 16-20 c shapes cartilages stacked on top of each other

47
Q

Trachea is ______ to esophagus, esophagus is _____ to the trachea

A

anterior, posterior (swallow, esophagus goes anteriorly)

48
Q

How to access for rotation of a chest image?

A

if the spinous processes are in the middle - no rotation

49
Q

Right main stem bronchus is more ______ , why is this an issue?

A

vertical - because most aspirated objects will go here since its straight down

50
Q

What happens if the lung gets punctured?

A

pneumothorax (collection of air outside the lung) - have to get a chest tube

51
Q

From the trachea of bronchi, branches off to:

A

right/left main stem bronchi (2), lobar bronchi (5), segmental bronchi (20), bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, lung lobule (over 100,000)

52
Q

How many lobes in right/left lung?

A

right: 3, left: 2

53
Q

how many lobar bronchi in right/left lung?

A

right: 3, left: 2

54
Q

Why do we have bronchopulmonary segments

A

Because they can be removed

55
Q

How many lung lobules?

A

over 100,000

56
Q

Each lung lobule has:

A

lymphatic, arteriole, venule, branch from terminal bronchiole

57
Q

What happens with alveoli

A

Gas exchange (lung lobules) - type 1 cells

58
Q

Why are surfactants critical for alveoli?

A

lower surface tension, and therefore reduce collapse of alveoli - to maintain it open

59
Q

What makes up lung tissue:

A

alveoli, connective tissue (elastin, collagen)

60
Q

Apex and base location of lungs:

A

apex - TOP, base - BOTTOM

61
Q

What to include to make sure you get all of the lungs in an image?

A

C7-T1

62
Q

What is the position of diaphragm anteriorly?

A

T10 (xphoid process)

63
Q

What is the position of diaphragm posterioly?

A

Dips down, make sure you adjust bucky 1 inch when doing lateral

64
Q

Where the ribs and the costo meet is called:

A

Costophrenic Angles

65
Q

Which lung has the cardiac notch?

A

left

66
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when you breath in?

A

flattens “stucking stomach in FLAT”, goes UP when you breathe out

67
Q

When taking image of the chest, take it on ________ inspiration

A

FULL - to flatten it down

68
Q

define pleural effusion

A

build up of fluid around lungs - in the pleural space

69
Q

Right lungs vs left lung

A

Right: shorter ; has upper, middle, lower lobe
separated by horizontal/oblique fissure

Left: longer ; has cardiac notch ; only has upper (oblique fissure) and lower lobe

70
Q

For left lateral projection of ribs:

A

center at middle

71
Q

Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries (2) purpose: **

A

Carry DEOXYGENATED blood from the right side of heart to the capillaries surrounding the alveoli

72
Q

Bronchial arteries purpose:

A

carry oxygenated blood to supply the lung tissue (muscular walls of the bronchi and bronchioles)

73
Q

Pulmonary vein (4) purpose:

A

Carry oxygenated blood from the capillaries surrounding the alveoli back to the left side of the heart

74
Q

respiration process: pulmonary ventilation

A

Exchange of air (inspiration/expiration) way to remember: “ventilator - taking air IN and out”

75
Q

respiration process: external/pulmonary respiration

A

Exchange of gases between alveoli and surrounded capillaries

76
Q

respiration process: internal/tissue respiration

A

Exchange of gases between blood in system capillaries and tissues

77
Q

During inspiration:

A

diaphragm flattens down, external intercostals elevate ribs/inspiration “old mcdonald had a farm E I E I o - “important for inspiration - diaphragm and external intercostal muscles) active process

78
Q

According to boyles law: inspiration

A

Increase volume and decrease pressure

79
Q

During expiration:

A

Lungs spring back, diaphragm / external intercostal muscles relax. Both decrease pressure/volume. Passive process (no energy)

80
Q

Which muscles are involved during expiration during quiet breathing?

A

none

81
Q

Forced expiration is a _____ process

A

active

82
Q

Forced expiration contracts the abdominal muscles and the ______ intercostal muscles

A

internal

83
Q

Chemoreceptors monitor levels of _____ and ____ in blood

A

CO2 and O2 - high levels of Co2 in blood would cause you to breathe / exhale faster - CO2 (respiration rate)

84
Q

Boyles law:

A

Why we have inspiration/expiration - As vol increases, pressure decreases - diaphragm flattens out, EIM lift ribs up/out

85
Q

Daltons law

A

partial pressures of O2 and CO2 determine their movement - From higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure.

MRT (12 decks)

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