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MRT > Anatomy - vertebrae & bony thorax > Flashcards

Anatomy - vertebrae & bony thorax Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae in an adult?

A

26 vertebrae

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2
Q

How many vertebrae in an infant?

A

33 vertebrae

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3
Q

What makes up adult vertebrae column

A

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum (5 fused to become 1)
1 coccyx (4 fused to become 1)

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4
Q

What makes up infant vertebrae column

A

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal

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5
Q

In a AP/PA vertebrae column should be:

A

Straight

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6
Q

In a lateral, the vertebrae column is what? infant vs adult

A

Curved (1 in infant, 4 in adult)

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7
Q

Normal Curves in Adult: primary

A

Thoracic and Sacrum/Coccyx - kyphotic curves

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8
Q

Reasons for curves in adults

A

Increase the strength of the vertebral column, Helps maintain balance by distributing the weight, Helps absorb shock, Helps protect the vertebrae from fractures

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9
Q

Normal lordotic curve in lateral position:

A

Concave: posterior and convex: anterior

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10
Q

list abnormal curves

A

Kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis

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11
Q

Vertebrae consist of

A

Vertebral Body, Vertebral Arch, Vertebral foramen

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12
Q

Vertebral foramen purpose

A

Where the spinal cord passes through

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13
Q

Vertebral Body contains

A

Mostly spongy/trabecular bone (with RBM) surrounded by thin layer of compact bone, and is bounded by anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

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14
Q

The vertebral body is

A

Separated by intervertebral discs and is the weight-bearing part

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15
Q

Vertebral column functions

A

forms trunk of skeleton, flexible movement, protects spinal cord, supports head, rib attachment, back muscle attachment

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16
Q

Normal Curves in Adult: secondary

A

Cervical and lumbar - lordotic curves (remember: both words have an “L” - so goes with lordotic)

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17
Q

Thoracic & sacrum/coccyx VS. cervical & lumbar curves

A

Thoracic & sacrum/coccyx - don’t change (present during development)
Cervical & lumbar curves - do change (form later on)

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18
Q

Normal thoracic/sacrum curve in lateral position:

A

concave: anteriorly, convex: posteriorly

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19
Q

Explain kyphosis

A

Exaggeration of the normal kyphotic curve in the thoracic region, mostly in elderly women - osteoporosis (weakened spine causes compression fractures & a lot of force)

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20
Q

Explain lordosis

A

Exaggeration of the normal lordotic curve - in the cervical and lumbar spine

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21
Q

Explain scoliosis

A

Abnormal LATERAL curvature of the spine - the vertebra body rotates towards the convex side of the curve*

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22
Q

Why is kyphosis only in the thoracic region, why can’t it get bigger?

A

because they’re fused

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23
Q

Can patient have kyphosis without lordosis (one without the other)

A

No, if you develop one, you develop another

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24
Q

Risk of leaving spine curved in scoliosis

A

breathing issues - because it messes up the lungs / diaphragm

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25
Q

What passes through the vertebral foramen?

A

opening in the arch - spinal cord passes through

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26
Q

what type of bone is the vertebral body made of

A

mostly trabecular bone with RBM, surrounded by thin layer of compact bone (thin layer can get weakened)

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27
Q

What is the weight bearing part of the vertebrae?

A

the vertebral body

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28
Q

posterior to the vertebral body is the ______

A

pedicle

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29
Q

Vertebral arch consist of:

A

2 pedicles, 2 laminae

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30
Q

What is located between the vertebral notches of the vertebrae?

A

intervertebral formina

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31
Q

What occurs at the intervertebral formina?

A

Spinal nerves enter and exit - where nerve issues can occur (can cause pain in hands/arms if damaged- nerve issues)

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32
Q

Laminae becomes / joins together to form the _______

A

spinous process

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33
Q

*What forms the intervertebral formina?

A

the 2 notches: inferior vertebral notch of the vertebra above and superior vertebral notch of the vertebrae below

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34
Q

List the processes of the vertebral arch

A

2 superior articular processes, 2 inferior articular processes, 2 transverse processes, 1 spinous process

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35
Q

In the T/L spine only, the transverse process comes off where the _______ & ______ meet (junction)

A

pedicle and laminae

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36
Q

How are the intervertebral disc spaces best demonstrated?

A

in a AP / lateral

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37
Q

Zygapophyseal joints (facet joints), what forms them

A

the superior articular process of the vertebrae below and inferior articular process of the vertebrae above (between articular pillars)

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38
Q

Why are Zygapophyseal Joints important?

A

Movement (flexibility can be from the disc)

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39
Q

Problem with herniated disc

A

Presses on spinal nerves

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40
Q

Bump on the back of the neck landmark for:

A

C7 - vertebral prominens - helps you know you have top of thoracic cage on the image

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41
Q

Does the C1 ____ have a body?

A

atlas - no

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42
Q

The size of the bodies _______ from C2 to C7

A

increase (if they get smaller - sign of compression fracture)

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43
Q

What has the largest vertebral foramina of all vertebrae

A

Cervical vertebrae - spinal cord is enlarged here for nerves

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44
Q

Each transverse process in the C spine has a _______

A

transverse foramen (ONLY the C spine has a transverse foramen)

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45
Q

In the C spine, the transverse process is located where?

A

arises from the pedicle and body (junction)

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46
Q

What passes through the transverse foramen?

A

the vertebral artery / vein / nerve

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47
Q

Where are articular pillars located?

A

between superior and inferior articular processes of the same vertebra (each vertebral level has a right and left articular pillar)

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48
Q

How to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints on C spine

A

true lateral - the articular pillars should be superimposed to see the zygapophyseal joints

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49
Q

Angle that the intervertebral foramina are on in the body

A

45 degrees to the midsag plane, 15 degrees inferiorly

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50
Q

What angle demonstrates the right intervertebral foramina

A

LPO (45 degrees) with 15 degree cephalad angle, OR, RAO with 15 degrees caudad - so when you are doing POSTERIOR - its opposite of the side ordered (R - LPO) - same side if its ANTERIOR

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51
Q

What part of the vertebral arch connects to the vertebral body

A

pedicle

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52
Q

What part of C1 articulates with odontoid process*

A

anterior arch

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53
Q

What does the head of the 4th rib articulate with

A

the superior demifacet of the 4th thoracic vertebrae and the interior demifacet of the 3rd thoracic vertebrae

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54
Q

What does the tubercle of the 4th rib articulate with

A

the transverse process of the 4th vertebrae

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55
Q

Superior articular process of the lateral masses of C1 articulate with _______ to form what?

A

Occipital condyles to form Atlanto-occipital joint

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56
Q

What movement does Atlanto-occipital joint
allow for?

A

nodding head back / forward - “yes”

57
Q

Inferior articular process of the lateral masses of C1 articulate with _______ to form what?

A

C2 to form atlanto-axial joint

58
Q

C2 (axis) contains the _______ process

A

Odonotid (dens)

59
Q

What parts of C spine is bifid?

A

C2-C6

60
Q

Atlanto-axial joints permits rotation of the head to say _____

A

No

60
Q

Is C7 bidif?

A

no, only C2-C6

60
Q

What best demonstrates C1-C2

A

Lateral, open mouth odontoid view

60
Q

How can you tell it’s C2 on an image?

A

Blunt (rounded), bigger spinous process, has the odontoid process

61
Q

Lateral masses of C1, should align with the _________ part of C2

A

lateral - should be same width - if they’re not it’s a sign of fracture (jeffersons fracture head first into object)

61
Q

What doesn’t C1 have?

A

body or spinous process

62
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

largest transverse process (pedicle and laminae), facets for articulations with the ribs, spinous process project inferiorly (down)

63
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Transverse process (pedicle and body), has transverse foramin, bifid spinous process

64
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

largest vertebral bodies - that are bigger anteriorly than posteriorly, bodies con-caved, spinous processes project horizontally (straight back), smaller transverse process (pedicle and laminae)

65
Q

What is a costovertebral joint

A

joint between the head of the rib in the vertebral body (Head of rib articulates with the posterolateral part on vertebral body)

66
Q

What is a costotransverse joint

A

tubercle of rib articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae ONLY T1-T10

67
Q

What is it called if head of rib articulates with 1 vertebrae vs 2 different vertebrae

A

Whole facet if it’s 1 and demifacet (half facet) if its 2

68
Q

What facets does T1 have

A

whole facet on SUPERIOR boarder for articulation with 1st rib and demifacet on INFERIOR. boarder for articulation with 2nd rib

69
Q

What facet does T9 have

A

only a superior demifacet (not an inferior)

70
Q

What facets do T2-T8 have?

A

demifacets on upper (supperior) and lower (inferior) boarders

71
Q

What do the T2-T9 articulate with?

A

the same # vertebrae and vertebrae above

72
Q

Do T11 and T2 have a costotransverse joint?

A

no

73
Q

“describe all articulations of the 7th rib”

A

Posteriorly:
Costotransverse joint: from the tubercle of the 7th rib to the transverse process of the 7th rib of the vertebrae

Costovertebral joint: Head of the 7th rib articulates with the superior demifacet on T7 and inferior demifacet of T6

74
Q

How are the intervertebral foramen of the thoracic vertebrae demonstrated?

A

lateral

75
Q

On a true lateral, would you see through the Zygapophyseal joints?

A

No - only with obliques

76
Q

A LAO 75 degree demonstrates what?

A

Left side of Zygapophyseal Joints

77
Q

A LPO 75 degree demonstrates what?

A

Right side of Zygapophyseal Joints

78
Q

If the inferior vertebral body was smaller than the superior one, what would that indiviate?

A

Compression fracture

79
Q

Spinal cord ends at the disc between ____ and ____ in adult pt

A

L1 and L2

80
Q

In the sacrum, the base is ______ and apex is _______

A

superior and inferior

81
Q

sacrum is con-caved which direction?

A

anteriorly

82
Q

Can you use shield a female pt when doing AP scarum?

A

no, can’t do PA either - has to be AP (the diverging beam matches the curve)

83
Q

Auricular surface is on the lateral edge of sacrum forms what?

A

SI joint

84
Q

How many sacral foramina are there?

A

4 pairs (8)

85
Q

What does the apex of the sacrum articulate with?

A

coccyx

86
Q

What passes through the sacral canal

A

Spinal nerves

86
Q

What projection for S1 joints?

A

oblique

87
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

disc space between L1 and L2

88
Q

Thoracic cage composed of:

A

thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

89
Q

Only _______ of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium

A

inferior 1 half

90
Q

What is at the junction between the manubrium and body of sternum

A

Sternal angle (2nd rib attaches here posteriorly from T1/T2 to T4/T5 inferiorly

91
Q

Whats the vertebral level of the sternal angle

A

T4-5

92
Q

Landmark for xiphoid process

A

T10 (where ribs meet)

93
Q

What part of the vertebral arch connects to the vertebral body*

A

Pedicle

94
Q

How do you demonstrate the left intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine*

A

RPO 45 degree with 15 degree cephalad angle, LAO 45 degrees 15 degree caudad angle

95
Q

What is the pars interarticularis?

A

Part of the lamina that is located between the superior and inferior articular processes

96
Q

Why are the Pars Interarticularis
important clinically?

A

Because you can get a fracture (spondylosis)

97
Q

What is spondylosis

A

Fracture in pars interarticularis

98
Q

Spondylosis vs Spondylolisthesis

A

Spondylosis: fracture in ONE pars

Spondylolisthesis: fracture in BOTH pars (vertebrae can slip forward) bilateral - twisting

99
Q

Slipping forward on one vertebrae onto another (spondylosithesis) is best demonstrated how? and spondylosis?

A

lateral for spondylothesis and oblique for spondylosis

100
Q

Fracture through the pars is best demonstrated how?

A

oblique

101
Q

What makes up the ear scotty dog?

A

superior articular process of the vertebrae

102
Q

What makes up the front leg of scotty dog?

A

Inferior articular process of the vertebrae

103
Q

What makes up the eye scotty dog?

A

pedicle

104
Q

What makes up the nose scotty dog?

A

transverse process

105
Q

What makes up the neck scotty dog?

A

PARS

106
Q

What makes up the ebody scotty dog?

A

Lamina

107
Q

What way does the scotty dog face?

A

the same way the patient is facing and demonstrate that side (Nose pointed in that direction - in an image if nose is pointing to the right - its a RPO, left - nose is left) *

108
Q

Joint between front leg and ear of scotty dog?

A

zygapohyseal joint

109
Q

What is demonstrated oblique scotty dog? *

A

Neck of scotty dog / PARS (to see if there’s a fracture) and zygapophyseal joint(In LAO – left zygapophyseal joint and left pars interarticularis joint)

110
Q

In a L-spine, how is the intervertebral foramen best demonstrated?

A

lateral (same as the lateral)

111
Q

In lumbar spine, rotate patient ____ degrees for zygapophyseal joints

A

45 degrees

112
Q

Distinguishing features of C3 - C6

A

smaller vertebrae bodies, larger vertebral foramen, Transverse process is at junction of pedicle and body

113
Q

Thoracic vs lumbar spine

A

Thoracic: has facets for ribs, smaller body, spinous process inferior, pointy spinous processes, has largest transverse process (facets for ribs)

Lumbar: spinous process straight back, blunt spinous processes

114
Q

How do you demonstrate the right pars interarticularis in the lumbar spine? which way is scotty dog facing?

A

RPO 45 - scotty towards the right / patient to the right - “right pars interarticularis in the right zygapophyseal joints”

115
Q

What part of the scotty dog is represented by the pars interarticularis? why is this important?

A

Neck (fractures)

116
Q

How many ribs?

A

12

117
Q

How do you know where the first rib is?

A

around C7 (vertebral prominence)

118
Q

Anterior part of rib attaches to a ___________

A

costocartilage

119
Q

Spaces between the ribs?

A

intercostal spaces

120
Q

Costal groove runs along the ________ surface of the rib

A

inferior

121
Q

Purpose of the costal groove in the ribs?

A

allows things to pass through (artery, vein, vessels)

122
Q

Widest portion of the thorax?

A

inferior part

123
Q

Compression fracture best demonstrated how?

A

lateral

124
Q

On a PA chest - how to access for full respiration

A

need to be able to count 10 posterior ribs ABOVE diaphragm on the left side * because the left sits lower – liver pushes the right side up

125
Q

How many facets does the 10th rib have?

A

1 (only articulates with the 10th rib)

126
Q

Does the 11th rib have costal cartilage facet?

A

no, its a floating rib - and doesn’t have tubercle

127
Q

Features of a typical rib:

A

Head, neck, tubercle, body, sternal end

128
Q

What does the sternal end of ribs attach to?

A

costocartilage (attaches ribs to sternum)

129
Q

What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with?

A

transverse process

130
Q

What does the head of the rib articulate with?

A

vertebral body

131
Q

How to identify ribs: true ribs

A

1-7 (attach to sternum via costo-cartilage - the first rib attaches to the manubrium, second attaches to sternal angle)*

132
Q

How to identify ribs: false ribs

A

8-12

133
Q

How to identify ribs: floating ribs

A

11 and 12 (also false & don’t attach to anything anteriorly)

134
Q

What happens to the 10th rib anteriorly?

A

attaches to costo-cartilage of the 7th rib

MRT (12 decks)

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