Race 4

Question 1

What is the difference between the racism of exclusion and the racism of inclusion?

Answer 1

The inclusionary variant permits incorporation only on the basis of a rigid hierarchy justified by a belief in permanent, unbridgeable differences between the associated groups, while the exclusionary type goes further and finds no way at all that the groups can coexist in the same society. (Fredrickson 2002)

Question 2

What group, Christians or Islamics, were the first to represent sub-Saharan Africans as descendants of Ham, who were cursed and condemned to perpetual bondage because of their ancestor’s mistreatment of his father, Noah, as described in the book of Genesis? When and where was this association made?

Answer 2

Islamics. In the late Middle Ages, 14th to 15th century Iberia the association with blackness with slavery was being made. During this period when Christians and Muslims coexisted in Iberia that the former learned that the latter identified blackness with servitude. (Fredrickson 2002)

Question 3

What final act identified black skins with servile status?

Answer 3

When Portugese navigators acquired slaves as a result of their voyages along the guinea Coast in the mid- to late 15th century and offered them for sale in the port cities Christian iberia. (Fredrickson 2002)

Question 4

Between the 16th and 19th centuries slave traders and buyers gave what explanation for why slaves happened to be black or African?

Answer 4

The curse of Ham. (Fredrickson 2002)

Question 5

What century was the modern concept of races as basic human types classified by physical characteristics (primarily skin color)?

Answer 5

18th century (Fredrickson 2002)