RA 2 Eye Flashcards by Shun Shun

The organ of vision, which occupies the anterior part of the orbital cavity

EYE

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THE EYE

Protected by the bony orbit and the upper and lower eyelids (palpebrae).

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(aka orbital cavity) the eye socket.

Orbit

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In ____ itself, the eye is set in a bed of muscle and adipose/fat. Nature defense to help protect eye

orbital cavity

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(area of greatest distance in orbital cavity) is backward & medial-ward & it lies 1.5 inches deep

Apex of orbital cavity

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Diameter of eyeball is

approximately ___ and slightly ___ on female; size of eyeball remains ____ from puberty to adulthood

1 inch

less

constant

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External convexity of eyeball is increased by the ___ (diameter of ___) which convexity of cornea adds surface contour form and influence curve of upper eye and offset medially ever so slightly

cornea

½ inch

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The eyeball rest in the ___ of socket in muscle and fat.

center 2/3

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Difference in appearance are due to variation in ___ & not eyeball size

bone structure

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Margings of Orbital Cavity (provides margin & influence of cavity)

a. Frontal bone
b. Zygomatic bone
c. Maxilla

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Orbital Margins

a. Superior Orbital Margin (supraorbital margin)
b. Lateral Orbital Margin (zygomaticofrontal process)
c. Inferior Orbital Margin (maxilla & zygomatic bones)
d. Medial Orbital Margin (frontal process of maxilla)

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Superior rim of the eye socket located on the frontal bone. It projects anterior forward than any other rim providing protection covered by thin layer of tissue.

Superior Orbital Margin (supraorbital margin)

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concave dip between forehead & cheekbone that is formed by process of zygomatic bone & frontal bone.

Lateral Orbital Margin (zygomaticofrontal process)

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inferior margin simulates a sigmoid “S” curve from nose to check

Inferior Orbital Margin (maxilla & zygomatic bones)

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serves a guide for hypodermic tissue building (filling) behind the eyeball

Medial Orbital Margin (frontal process of maxilla)

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Eyelids
•Superior Palpebra (upper eyelid)
•Inferior Palpebra (lower eyelid) 
•Palpebrae = eyelids 
•palpebral = eyelid
•Closed eyes are “Almond” shape
•2 lids “abut” &amp; not overlap when close
•medial end is superior to lateral end;

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fold of tissue that extend from upper most portion of eyeball down to bottom of iris and its greatest height is medially off center

Superior Palpebra (upper eyelid):

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form closely to convexity of eyeball and when naturally closed it covers the cornea;

Superior Palpebra (upper eyelid):

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fold of tissue that covers lower vertical part of eyeball and is narrower and thinner than upper lid

Inferior Palpebra (lower eyelid):

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___ follows the curve of the eyeball and inclines from the line of closure. It has less convexity, less anterior projection and less width

Inferior Palpebra (lower eyelid):

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The line that forms between 2 eyelids when they are closed that marks their place of contact with each other.

Line of Closure:

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inferior curvature lowest at center of the inferior margin of iris; from profile generally curve with the posterior part moving superiorly & do not see medial end from profile view; its greatest anterior projection & slightly offset medially

Line of Closure:

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inverted triangle concave depression superior to the medial portion of the superior palpebrae to inner corner of eye

Nasal Orbital Fossa:

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broadest under head of eyebrow; tapered inner corner of eye where nearest & deepest; lies near root of nose

Nasal Orbital Fossa:

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Area between the supercilium (eyebrow) and the superior palpebrae (eyelid); composed of muscle and fat; it is deepest near the root of the nose

SupraOrbital area:

small elevation extending medially & obliquely from medial corner of superior palpebrae;

Inner Canthus (medial):

No eyelashes here; point of entry for hypodermic tissue building if have to go behind eyeball to project forward

Inner Canthus (medial):

forms lateral terminance of line of closure; upper eyelid portion overlap lateral rim of orbits at its deepest part

Lateral Canthus (outer):

fringe of hair edging the eyelids; thicker than hair on head

Cilia (eyelashes):

Eyebrows which grows obliquely upward and outward and is unequal in length; denser near the glabella; height & thickness

Supercilium (eyebrows):

3 Parts of Supercilium

* Head * Body * Tail

medial end located at supercilium eminence within anterior plane of forehead; hair growth more dense

Head of Supercilium

located between supercilium eminence and line of tempal in lateral plane of forehead; hair growth less dense than head of eyebrow; more oblique closer to tail

Body of Supercilium

located lateral end on part of tempal & sometime overlap on tempal on lateral plane of face; hair sparse than head & body of eyebrow; inclination approaches horizontal appearance

Tail of Supercilium

inferior part of forehead just superior to medial ends of eyebrows

Superciliary Arch:

groove/furrow of the superior border of the superior palpebral; curve transverse furrow along attached margin of upper eyelid; usually absence of fatty tissue

Superior Palpebral Sulcus:

groove/furrow of the inferior border of the inferior palpebral; thin shallow curve furrow which follows transverse pattern along the attached margin of lower eyelid

Inferior Palpebral Sulcus:

furrows radiating laterally from the lateral corner of the eye

Optic Facial Sulci (crow’s feet):

shallow, dark, curving groove originate immediate below the medial corner of the eyelid

Oblique Palpebral Sulcus:

extends along bony margin of the orbit; diminish in depth & usually terminate below middle of eye

Oblique Palpebral Sulcus:

superior rim of the eye socket located on the frontal bone

SupraOrbital Margin:

affords protection to eyes; lies inferior to level of superciliary arch in some people its quite promenant; greater anterior/forward projection than lower rim

SupraOrbital Margin:

bags under the eyes; fullness between inferior palpebral sulcus & oblique palpebral sulcus; can be natural & exacerbated/swell during embalming.

Orbital Pouch:

saggy folding tissue which may occur on upper eyelid on middle & lateral portion of superior tarsus

Palpebral Fold:

furrow slightly above eyelash

Common Transverse Sulcus (wrinkling furrow):

short broken furrows that fan horizontally from opposite corners of eyelids

Linear Sulci:

furrows between the eyebrows

Vertical Interciliary Sulci:

horizontal furrows between the eyebrows.

Transverse Interciliary Sulci:

___ is a condition found in deceased individuals who have lost weight or experienced dehydration

Sunken eyes

The most popular treatment for sunken eyes is to ___ into ___ located ___ the eyeball in the eye socket by inserting needle from the medial or lateral edge

Inject tissue builder fatty tissue beneath

What are other ways of raising a sunken eye besides tissue builder?

Inject mortuary putty behind eye | Using cotton and/or eye caps

Eyelids usually become discolored due to ___ to the head and face.

type of trauma

The most common term you hear for discolored eyes is ___

black eye

3 Treatments for Discolored Eyes

1. Apply bleach compress externally 2. Inject bleaching agent hypodermically with smalles needle 3. Cover up with opaque cosmetics

Eyelids may become ___ after a swollen eyelid has been reduced in size.

wrinkled

3 Treatments for Wrinkled Eyelids

1. Cover entire lid with wax 2. Excise wrinkled part of eyelid & apply wax 3. Massage cream with electric spatula

What can be applied externally to reduce swollen eyes?

Finger Cotton Water compress

If swelling of eye is caused by gas or fluid in the cranial cavity, a ___ can be inserted in one of the external nares of the nose.

trocar

The most radical treatment for protruding eyes would be ____ the eyeball(s)

Surgically remove

Treatments used to close separated eyelids

``` Perforated eye caps Glued eye lids Stretching eye lids Cut levator palpebrae superior muscle Most radical: surgically remove ```

The soft tissue at the medial margins of the eye forms a small oblique eminence known as the ___

Inner (medial) Canthus

Common area in the face for dehydration to occur

Inner (medial) Canthus

Tip: a straight instrument place along the ___ margin & the ___ serve as a guide for the projection of the eyeball; it does not quite touch.

supraorbital margin cheek

Superior Orbital Margin

supraorbital margin

Lateral Orbital Margin

zygomaticofrontal process

Inferior Orbital Margin

maxilla & zygomatic bones

Medial Orbital Margin

frontal process of maxilla

___ is influenced by superior margin & lateral rim.

Eyebrow

Eyebrow simulates ___ angle that duplicate the linear form of the upper rim.

obtuse

lies on side of head; posterior to medial rim due to bilateral curvature of the skull the tissue that cover this area is very thin.

Lateral Orbital Margin (Zygomaticofrontal process)

it ascends superiorly to join nasal & frontal bones; not as definite as other margins; as wall drop posteriorly it moves slightly lateral

Medial Orbital Margin (frontal process of maxilla)

The ___ (lid) is wider than the lower lid and vertically it is nearly 3x larger than lower lid

Superior Palpebra (upper eyelid):

lower margin of ___ is what forms the line of eye closure; point of greatest projection for the closed eye is just off center medially

Superior Palpebra (upper eyelid):

___ lid overlaps the ___ lid at the ___ end of the lower lid.

upper lower lateral

___ occurs in lower 3rd of the eye socket as a dipping curve; lateral end is ___ and ___ to the medial end

line of closure Inferior posterior

Upper lid covers___ and lower lid covers ___ of the eye

2/3 | 1/3

Medial small elevation (___ ___) extending ___ & ___ from medial corner of superior palpebrae;

Inner Canthus medially obliquely

Irregular in length and spacing with ___ at the end of the line of eye closure. It turns up on the upper lid and turn down on the lower lid.

Cilia (eyelashes)

arranged in cluster forming inverted triangle; bottom ___ more sparse than upper; extend from free rim of eyelids none on either end of line of closure

Cilia (eyelashes)

Eyebrows grows ___ and ___ and is unequal in length; denser near the glabella; height & thickness

Supercilium (eyebrows): obliquely upward outward

Eyebrow hair growth more dense in ____ and less dense in ____ than head of eyebrow; more oblique & sparse closer to ___

Head Body Tail