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Medical Technology Laws and Bioethics > RA 11166: Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act > Flashcards

RA 11166: Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Which type of virus is HIV?

A

Retrovirus

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2
Q

It infects the cells of the human immune system, and destroys or impairs the cells’ function. It results in the progressive deterioration of the immunce system leading to immune deficiency.

A

Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV)

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3
Q

HIV invades the _________ which are associated in making our immune response.

A

CD4+ T-Lymphocytes

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4
Q

The defiency of the immune system which stems from infection with HIV.

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Stage 3 HIV)

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5
Q

Which stage of HIV can we acquire AIDS?

A

Stage 3

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6
Q

(+) HIV Serology

A
  • CD4-Lymphocyte count below 200 cells/uL
  • CD4-Lymphocyte percentage below 14%
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7
Q

Normal CD4-Lymphocyte count

A

500 - 1,400 cells

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8
Q

Is HIV/AIDS preventable?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Is HIV/AIDS curable?

A

No

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10
Q

The first cause of mortality for patients suffering from HIV.

A

Tuberculosis (TB)

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11
Q

Identify which CD4 count

Bacterial Infections

A

CD4 500 (and below)

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12
Q

Identify which CD4 count

Tuberculosis

A

CD4 500 (and below)

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13
Q

Identify which CD4 count

Herpes Simplex

A

CD4 500 (and below)

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14
Q

Identify which CD4 count

Herpes Zoster

A

CD4 500 (and below)

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15
Q

Identify which CD4 count

Vaginal Candidiasis

A

CD4 500 (and below)

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16
Q

Identify which CD4 count

Hairy Leukoplakia

A

CD4 500 (and below)

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17
Q

Identify which CD4 count

Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

CD4 500 (and below)

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18
Q

Identify which CD4 count

Pneumocystis carinii

A

CD4 200 (and below)

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19
Q

Identify which CD4 count

Toxoplasmosis

A

CD4 200 (and below)

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20
Q

Identify which CD4 count

Cryptococcosis

A

CD4 200 (and below)

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21
Q

Identify which CD4 count

Coccidioidomycosis

A

CD4 200 (and below)

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22
Q

Identify which CD4 count

Cryptosporidiosis

A

CD4 200 (and below)

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23
Q

Identify which CD4 count

Non-Hogkin’s Lymphoma

A

CD4 200 (and below)

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24
Q

Identify which CD4 count

Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MC) infection

A

CD4 50 (and below)

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25
Q

Identify which CD4 count

Histoplasmosis

A

CD4 50 (and below)

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26
Q

Identify which CD4 count

CMV Retinitis

A

CD4 50 (and below)

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27
Q

Identify which CD4 count

CNS Lymphoma

A

CD4 50 (and below)

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28
Q

Identify which CD4 count

Progressice multifocal leukoencephalopathy

A

CD4 50 (and below)

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29
Q

Identify which CD4 count

HIV dementia

A

CD4 50 (and below)

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30
Q

The most effective way to prevent contracting HIV.

A

Abstinence

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31
Q

It refers to the laboratory procedure done on any individual to determine the presence or absence of HIV infection.

A

HIV Testing

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32
Q

Which presence are we looking for when performing HIV testing?

A

HIV antibodies

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33
Q

Positive result for HIV test

A

(+) Presence of HIV antibodies

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34
Q

Negative result for HIV test

A

(-) Absence of HIV antibodies

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35
Q

It refers to the period of time, usually two to six months during which an infected individual will test “negative” upon HIV testing but can actually transmit the infection.

A

Window Period

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36
Q

Window period for HIV

A

2 weeks - 6 months

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37
Q

ELISA stands for _________.

A

HIV Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

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38
Q
  • Screening Test for HIV
  • Sensitivity > 99.9%
A

HIV Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

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39
Q
  • Confirmatory Test
  • Specificity > 99.9%
A

Western Blot

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40
Q
  • Screening test
  • Simple to perform
A

HIV Rapid Antibody Test

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41
Q
  • Predictor of HIV progression (HIV progression to AIDS)
  • Risk of opportunistic infections and AIDS when <200
A

Absolute CD4 Lymphocyte Count

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42
Q
  • Best test for diagnosis of acute HIV infection
  • Correlates with disease progression and response to HAART
A

HIV Viral Load Tests

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43
Q

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

A

Azidothymidine (Zidovudine)

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44
Q

Non-Nucleoside Transcripticase Inhibitors

A

Viramune (Nevirapine)

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45
Q

Protease Inhibitors

A

Norvir (Ritonavir)

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46
Q

HIV 1 or HIV 2?

Found around the world

A

HIV 1

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47
Q

HIV 1 or HIV 2?

Immunodeficiency is faster

A

HIV 1

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48
Q

HIV 1 or HIV 2?

Shorter incubation period

A

HIV 1

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49
Q

HIV 1 or HIV 2?

Highly infectious in early stages

A

HIV 1

50
Q

HIV 1 or HIV 2?

Found in West Africa, increasing cases in the US

A

HIV 2

51
Q

HIV 1 or HIV 2?

Immunodeficiency develops more slowly

A

HIV 2

52
Q

HIV 1 or HIV 2?

Longer incubation period

A

HIV 2

53
Q

HIV 1 or HIV 2?

Less infectious in the early stages, much infectious as the virus develops.

A

HIV 2

54
Q

RA 8504

A

Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998

55
Q

How many articles are in RA 8504?

A

9

56
Q

RA 8504 consists of how many sections?

A

52

57
Q

When was RA 804 approved?

A

February 13, 1998

58
Q

RA 8504 was approved by __________.

A

Pres. Fidel V. Ramos

59
Q

RA 11166

A

Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act

60
Q

It is an act strengthening the Philippine Comprehensive Policy on HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, care, and support, and reconstituting the Philippine National Aids Council (PNAC), repealing for the purpose RA 8504.

A

RA 11166 - “Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act”

61
Q

RA 11166 consists of how many articles?

A

8

62
Q

RA 11166 consists of how many sections?

A

57

63
Q

When was RA 11166 approved?

A

December 20, 2018

64
Q

RA 11166 was approved by ________.

A

Pres. Rodrigo R. Duterte

65
Q

A treatment that stops or suppresses viral replication or replications of a retrovirus like HIV, thereby slowing down the progression of infection.

A

Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART)

66
Q

Severe or repeated use by one or more persons of a written, verbal or electronic expression, or a physical act of gesture, directed at another person in reasonable fear of physical or emotional harm or damage to one’s property; creating a hostile environment; infringing on the rights; or materially and substantially disrupting the processes or orderly operation of an institution or organization.

A

Bullying

67
Q

Groups of non-governmental and non-commercial individuals or legal entities.

A

Civil Society Organizations (CSOs)

68
Q

HIV testing imposed upon an individual characterized by lack of consent, use of force or intimidation, the use of testing as a prerequisite for employment or other purposes, and other circumstances when informed choice is absent.

A

Compulsory HIV Testing

69
Q

Unfair or unjust treatment that distinguishes, excludes, restricts, or shows preferences (sex gender, age, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, economic status, disability, ethnicity, and HIV status) which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by all persons similarly situated, of all their rights and freedoms

A

Discrimination

70
Q

The way a person communicates gender identity to others through behavior, clothing, hairstyles, communication or speech pattern, or body characteristics.

A

Gender Expression

71
Q

Personal sense of identity as characterized, among others, by manner of clothing, inclinations, and behavior in relation to masculine or feminine conventions. A person may have a male or female identity with the physiological characteristics of the opposite sex.

A

Gender Identity

72
Q

Juridicial entities legally organized to provide or arrange for the provision of pre-agreed or designated health care services to its enrolled members for a fixed pre-paid fee for a specified period of time.

A

Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)

73
Q

A person’s involvement in certain activities that increase the risk of transmitting or acquiring HIV.

A

High-Risk Behavior

74
Q

Interpersonal and dynamic communication process between a client and a trained counselor, whose objective in counseling is to encourage the client to explore important personal issues, identify ways of coping with anxiety and stress, and plan for the future (keeping healthy, adhering to treatment, and preventing transmission); and in the context of a negative HIV test result, to encourage the client to explore motivations, options, and skills to stay HIV-negative.

A

HIV Counseling

75
Q

Any individual trained by an institution or organization accredited by the Department of Health (DOH) to provide counselling services on HIV and AIDS with emphasis on behavior modification.

A

HIV and AIDS Counselor

76
Q

Documentation and analysis of the number of HIV and AIDS infections and the pattern of its spread.

A

HIV Monitoring

77
Q

Measures aimed at protecting non-infected persons from contracting HIV and minimizing the impact of the condition on persons living with HIV.

A

HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control

78
Q

Absence of HIV or HIV antibodies upon HIV testing.

A

HIV-Negative

79
Q

Refers to the presence of HIV infection as documented by the presence of HIV and HIV antibodies in the sample being tested.

A

HIV-Positive

80
Q

Any facility-based, mobile medical procedure, or community-based screening modalities that are conducted to determine the presence or absence of HIV in a person’s body.

A

HIV Testing

81
Q

DOH accredited on-site or mobile testing center, hospital, clinic, laboratory, and other facility that has the capacity to conduct voluntary HIV counseling and HIV testing.

A

HIV Testing Facility

82
Q

Voluntary agreement of a person to undergo or be subjected to a procedure based on full information, whether such permission is written or conveyed verbally.

A

Informed Consent

83
Q

Area or place, including community-based settings, where research studies are being undertaken to develop local evidence for effective HIV response.

A

Laboratory

84
Q

Legal principle that recognizes the capacity of some minors to consent independently to medical procedures, if they have been assessed by qualified health professionals to understand the nature of procedures and their consequences to make a decision on their own.

A

Mature Minor Doctrine

85
Q

Core duty of medical practice where the information provided by the patient to health practitioner and his/her health status is kept private and is not divulged to third parties.

A

Medical Confidentiality

86
Q

Illnesses caused by various organism, many of which do not cause diseases in persons with healthy immune system.

A

Opportunistic Infections

87
Q

Process by which the “index client”, “source”, or “patient” who has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) including HIV, is given support in order to notify and advise the partners that have been exposed to infection.

A

Partner Notification

88
Q

Any individual diagnosed to be infected with HIV.

A

Person Living with HIV (PLHIV)

89
Q

Use of prescription drugs as a strategy for the prevention of HIV infection by people who do not have the HIV and AIDS. It is an optional treatment, which may be taken by people who are HIV-negative but who have substantial, higherthan-average risk of contracting an HIV infection.

A

Pre-exposure Prophylaxis

90
Q

Process of providing an individual with information on the biomedical aspects of HIV/AIDS, and emotional support to any psychological implications of undergoing HIV testing and the test result itself before the individual is subjected to the test.

A

Pre-test Counseling

91
Q

Preventive medical treatment started immediately after exposure to pathogen (HIV) in order to prevent infection by the pathogen and the development of the disease.

A

Post-exposure Prophylaxis

92
Q

Process of providing risk-reduction information and emotional support to a person who submitted to HIV testing at the time the result is released.

A

Post-test Counseling

93
Q

Refers to any agent or device used to prevent the transmission of an infection.

A

Prophylactic

94
Q

Refers to an act of compensation for unfairness, grievance, and reparation.

A

Redress

95
Q

Infections that are spread through the transfer of organisms from one person to another as a result of sexual contact.

A

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

96
Q

Direction of emotional, sexual attraction, or conduct towards people of the same sex (homosexual orientation) or towards people of both sexes (bisexual orientation) or towards people of the opposite sex (heterosexual orientation) or to the absence of sexual attraction (asexual orientation).

A

Sexual Orientation

97
Q

Dynamic devaluation and dehumanization of an individual in the eyes of others.

A

Stigma

98
Q

Private and public hospitals or medical establishments accredited by the DOH to have the capacity and facility to provide treatment and care services to PLHIV.

A

Treatment Hubs

99
Q

HIV testing done on an individual who, after having undergone pre-test counseling willingly submits to such test.

A

Voluntary HIV Testing

100
Q

Communities and groups suffering from vulnerabilities such as unequal opportunities, social exclusion, poverty, unemployment, and other similar social exclusion, making them more susceptible to HIV infection and to developing AIDS.

A

Vulnerable Communities

101
Q

Office, premise or work site where workers are habitually employed and shall include the office or place where workers regularly report for assignment in the course of their employment.

A

Workplace

102
Q

____________________ was established to ensure the implementation of the country’s response to the HIV and AIDS situation. It shall be an agency attached to the DOH.

A

Philippine National AIDS Council (PNAC)

103
Q

PNAC shall be an agency attached to the _____.

A

DOH

104
Q

The meeting for PNAC shall be held _____.

A

At least once every quarter

105
Q

The meeting for PNAC shall be held at least once every quarter in the presence of the __________, and at least _______.

A

Chairperson or Vice Chairperson, and at least 10 members and/or permanent representatives

106
Q

Who shall be the permanent Chairperson of PNAC?

A

Secretary of Health

107
Q

The Vice Chairperson shall be from the ________.

A

Government Agency members

108
Q

PNAC Vice Chairperson Term

A

3 years

109
Q

_________ shall serve a term of 3 years renewable upon recommendaion of the Council for a maximum of 2 consecutive terms.

A

Members representing CSOs

110
Q

Members representing CSOs shall serve a term of ________.

A

3 years

111
Q

Members representing CSOs shall serve a term of 3 years renewable upon recommendaion of the Council for a maximum of __________.

A

2 consecutive terms

112
Q

AMTP stands for ___________.

A

AIDS Medium Term Plan

113
Q

How many members is PNAC composed of?

A

21

114
Q

A national multi-sectoral strategic plan to prevent and control the spread of HIV and AIDS in the country.

A

AIDS Medium Term Plan (AMTP)

115
Q

The AMTP shall include the following:

A
  • Target and Strategies
  • Prevention, treatment, care and support
  • Operationalization of the program
  • Budgetary requirements
116
Q

NASPCP stands for __________.

A

National HIV and AIDS and STI Prevention and Control Program

117
Q

The _______ which shall be composed of a qualified medical specialist and support personnel shall coordinate with the PNAC.

A

National HIV and AIDS and STI Prevention and Control Program (NASPCP)

118
Q

The ________ shall maintain a comprehensive HIV and AIDS monitoring and evaluation program.

A

Epidemiology Bureau

119
Q

The country’s response to the HIV and AIDS situation shall be anchored on the principle of ______________.

A

human rights and human dignity

120
Q

______________ consent to voluntary HIV testing shall be obtained from the child without the need of consent from a parent or guardian.

A

15 to below 18 years of age

121
Q

________ who is pregnant and engaged in high-risk behavior shall be eligible for HIV testing and counseling, with the assistance of a licensed social worker or health worker.

A

Young person aged below 15

122
Q

Consent to voluntary HIV testing shall be obtained from the child’s parent or legal guardian if the person is __________.

A

below 15 years of age or is mentally
incapacitated

Medical Technology Laws and Bioethics (11 decks)

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