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Helicopters > R22 Emergency Procedures > Flashcards

R22 Emergency Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of an Autorotation

A

1) Entry
2) Glide
3) Flare
4) Level Off

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2
Q

Auto Rotation Entry Procedures (75kts)

A

1) EYES OUTSIDE
2) Down, Right, Aft
3) Roll (throttle off)
4) Pitch (for RPM)

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3
Q

Autorotation Glide Procedures

A

1) 65kias
2) RPM in green (pitch checks)
3) lower nose, lower collective
4) aft, pitch check

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4
Q

What emergencies require autorotation?

A

1) Engine Failure
2) Fire in Flight
3) Tail Rotor Failure

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5
Q

Autorotation Flare Procedures

A

At approx. 40’ AGL

1) Gradual Aft Cyclic
- Reduce rate of descent and forward airspeed.
2) Roll throttle up to 80% RPM (governor takes over)

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6
Q

Autorotation Level Off Procedure

A

1) Forward Cyclic
2) Introduce collective to cushion.
3) Set up for run on landing where possible

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7
Q

Power Failure Above 500’ AGL Procedure

A

Enter Autorotation

1) Lower Collective
2) Est glide @ 65kts
3) adj collective to keep RPM 97%

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8
Q

Power Failure Between 8’ and 500’ AGL

A
  • Enter Auto-Rotation
  • Lower Collective
  • Adj Collective to keep RPM 97%
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9
Q

Power Failure below 8’ AGL

A
  • Apply right pedal to prevent yawing
  • Allow aircraft to settle
  • Raise collective to cushion landing
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10
Q

Max glide distance configuration

A
  • 75kias
  • 90% Rotor RPM

Ratio 1:4 - 1nm/1500’

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11
Q

Air Restart Procedure

A
  • Mixture: Full rich
  • Primer: Down and locked
  • Throttle: Closed, then cracked slightly
  • Actuate Starter w/ left hand
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12
Q

Emergency Water Landing - Power Off

A
  • Same as land
  • Unlatch doors if time permits
  • Apply lateral cyclic when aircraft contacts water to stop rotors
  • Release seat belt and quickly clear aircraft when rotors stop
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13
Q

Emergency Water Landing - Power On

A
  • Descend to hover above water
  • Unlatch doors
  • Passenger exit aircraft
  • Fly safe distance from px to avoid rotor injury
  • Switch battery and alternator OFF
  • Roll throttle off into overtravel
  • Keep aircraft level and apply full collective as aircraft contacts water
  • Apply lateral cyclic to stop rotors
  • Release seat belt and quickly clear aircraft when rotors stop
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14
Q

Loss of Tail Rotor Thrust - During Forward Flight

A
  • Failure typically indicated by nose right/ tail left yaw which cannot be corrected by applying left pedal.
  • Immediately enter auto-rotation
  • Maintain at least 70kias if practical
  • Select landing site, roll off throttle into overtravel and perform autorotation landing
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15
Q

Loss of Tail Rotor Thrust - During Hover

A
  • Failure is usually indicated by nose right yaw which cannot be corrected by applying left pedal
  • Immediately roll throttle off into overtravel and allow aircraft to settle
  • Raise collective to cushion landing

(Hover auto without right pedal)

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16
Q

Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness

A

Only happens in hover. If you have ETL, there is no possibility of LTE

Caused By:

  • MR Vorticies Interference
  • Left Quartering Headwind
  • TR Vortex Ring Stage (Direct left xwind) - blowing rotor wash back into tailrotor
  • Weathercocking Stability - Tailwind catches empennage, causing it to continue to move in either direction, until facing into the wind
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17
Q

Engine Fire During Start on Ground

A
  • Cranking - Continue and attempt to start which would suck flames and excess fuel through carb into engine

IF ENGINE STARTS
- Run at 50%-60% RPM for a short time, shut down, and inspect for damage

IF ENGINE FAILS TO START

  • Shut off fuel and master switch
  • Extinguish fire w/ extinguisher, wool blanket, or dirt
  • Inspect for damage
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18
Q

Fire in Flight

A
  • Enter Auto-Rotation
  • Master switch OFF
  • Cabin heat OFF
  • Cabin Vent ON

IF ENGINE RUNNING
- Perform normal landing and immediately shut off fuel valve

IF ENGINE STOPS
- Shut off fuel valve and execute auto-rotation

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19
Q

Electrical Fire in Flight

A
  • Master Switch OFF
  • Alt Switch OFF
  • Land Immediately
  • Extinguish fire and inspect for damage
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20
Q

Tachometer Failure

A
  • If one is operational, use opposite to monitor rpms, and land as soon as practical
  • If both are malfunctioning, or issue cannot be distinguished between the two, allow governor to control RPM and land as soon as practical
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21
Q

Governor Failure

A
  • Grip throttle firmly to override gov.
  • Switch governor off
  • Complete flight using manual throttle control
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22
Q

Oil Light On

A

Indicates loss of engine power or oil pressure

  • Check engine tachometer for power loss
  • Check oil pressure gauge
  • If pressure loss is confirmed, land immediately
23
Q

MR Temp Light On

A

Indicates excessive temp in main rotor gear box

  • LAND IMMEDIATELY: If light is accompanied by any indication of problem such as noise, vibration, or temperature rise
  • LAND ASAP: If no other indication of a problem.
24
Q

MR or TR Chip Lights on

A

Indicates metallic particles in MR or TR gearbox

  • LAND IMMEDIATELY: If light is accompanied by any indication of problem such as noise, vibration, or temperature rise
  • LAND ASAP: If no other indication of a problem.
25
Q

MR or TR Chip Lights on

A

Indicates metallic particles in MR or TR gearbox

  • LAND IMMEDIATELY: If light is accompanied by any indication of problem such as noise, vibration, or temperature rise
  • LAND ASAP: If no other indication of a problem.
26
Q

Low Fuel Light ON

A

Indicates approximately 1 gallon of usable fuel.

  • 5 minutes remaining at cruise power
27
Q

Clutch Light On

A

If momentary, it’s normal

If light flickers or remains on for 10 seconds or more

  • Pull clutch breaker
  • Land ASAP

If other indications of drive system failure

  • Be ready for auto-rotation
  • Reduce power and land immediately
  • Inspect drive system for possible malfunction
28
Q

Alt Light On

A

Indicates low voltage and possible alternator failure

  • Turn off nonessential electrical equipment
  • Reset Overvoltage Relay
  • ALT switch OFF, wait one second
  • Alt switch ON
  • Land ASAP: If light remains on
29
Q

Brake Light On

A

Indicates rotor brake engaged

  • Release brake
30
Q

Starter Light On

A

Indicates starter motor engaged

IF LIGHT REMAINS ON WHEN IGNITION SWITCH RELEASED FROM START POSITION

  • Mixture: Full lean/Cut-Off
  • Master Switch: OFF
  • Have starter motor serviced
31
Q

GOV-OFF Light On

A

Indicates RPM throttle governor is off

32
Q

Communication Failure

A
  • Check radio volume
  • Check headset volume
  • Check intercom switch

If communication cannot be established.

  • Squawk 7600
  • If at towered airfield, look for light gun signals
33
Q

Low RPM Horn and Caution Light

A
  • Roll throttle on
  • Lower collective
  • Aft cyclic (in forward flight only)

Horn and light are disabled at full down collective

34
Q

FAA AD 95-26-04

A
  • Right roll in low “G”
  • Uncommanded pitch, roll or yaw from turbulence
  • Inadvertent encounter with moderate, sever, extreme turbulence
35
Q

Carbon Monoxide Indicator ON

A

Indicated elevated levels of carbon monoxide

  • Shut off heater
  • Open nose and door vents

IF HOVERING
- Land or transition to forward flight

Land immediately with signs of headache, drowsiness, dizziness

36
Q

Right Roll in low “G”

A
  • Gradually apply aft cyclic to restore positive “G” forces and main rotor thrust
  • Do NOT apply lateral cyclic until positive “G” forces have been established
37
Q

Uncommanded pitch, roll, or yaw from turbulence

A
  • Gradually apply controls to maintain rotor RPM, positive “G” forces, and eliminate sideslip
  • Minimize cyclic control inputs in turbulence
  • DO NOT OVERCONTROL
38
Q

Inadvertent encounter with moderate, severe, extreme turbulence

A

IF ISOLATED
- Depart area

IF OTHERWISE
- Land ASAP

39
Q

Retreating Blade Stall

A

Uncommanded roll to the left & slight nose up pitch

  • Collective down
  • Slightly aft cyclic
40
Q

Low Vibrations Indicate

A

MR Issue

41
Q

Medium Vibrations Indicate

A

Engine Issue

42
Q

High Vibrations Indicate

A

TR Issue

43
Q

Sympathetic Resonance of TR Drive Shaft

A

Occurs at 60%-70% RPM

44
Q

Ground Resonance

A

Only occurs with lead/lag (fully articulated) rotor systems

45
Q

Carburetor Icing

A

Is not prominently displayed in helicopters. Governor continues to increase throttle until at max throttle, giving little indication.

  • Carb Heat FULL

IF ENGINE QUITS

  • Close throttle hard to break carb ice
  • Crack throttle slightly
  • Attempt restart
46
Q

Blade Slap

A

Typically occurs during shallow, high-speed descents, esp during turns

47
Q

Main Rotor Stall

A

Caused by:

  • Low Rotor RPM
  • Aggressive Maneuvering
  • High Collective Angle (typical of high DA)
  • Over-Pitching during climb (exceeding available power)
  • High forward airspeed
  • Slow response to Low RPM warning system

Can result in MR contacting airframe

48
Q

Mast Bumping

A

Caused by:

  • Excessive MR Flapping from low “G” or abrupt control inputs
  • High forward airspeed
  • Excessive Turbulence
  • Excessive sideslip
49
Q

Settling with Power

A

Normal

  • Lower Collective
  • Right pedal
  • Slight, SMOOTH forward cyclic
  • Gain forward airspeed (ETL)

Side Step

  • Lower Collective
  • Right pedal
  • Smooth right cyclic
50
Q

Dynamic Rollover

A

Caused by landing gear contacting fixed objects, creating a pivot around that object.

  • IMMEDIATE down collective

Avoidance

  • Always practice hover auto-rotations into the wind and never in >10kts or gusty winds
  • Never hover close to objects that could catch skids
  • Always use two-step liftoff. Pull enough collective to become light on skids, feel for equilibrium, then lift helicopter into air.
  • Do not practice hovering maneuvers close to the ground. Keep skids at least 5 ft above ground when practicing sideward or rearward flight.
51
Q

Static Rollover

A

CG is such that helicopter tips in any direction by means of natural physics.

52
Q

What conditions are irrecoverable

A
  • Low RPM (80% +1%/1,000’) leads to blade stall

- Low G/Mast Bumping (leads to busted tail cone/rotors

53
Q

Which emergencies require autorotation?

A

1) Engine Failure
2) Tail Rotor Failure
3) Fire in flight

Helicopters (9 decks)

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