R22 Emergency Procedures Flashcards
Parts of an Autorotation
1) Entry
2) Glide
3) Flare
4) Level Off
Auto Rotation Entry Procedures (75kts)
1) EYES OUTSIDE
2) Down, Right, Aft
3) Roll (throttle off)
4) Pitch (for RPM)
Autorotation Glide Procedures
1) 65kias
2) RPM in green (pitch checks)
3) lower nose, lower collective
4) aft, pitch check
What emergencies require autorotation?
1) Engine Failure
2) Fire in Flight
3) Tail Rotor Failure
Autorotation Flare Procedures
At approx. 40’ AGL
1) Gradual Aft Cyclic
- Reduce rate of descent and forward airspeed.
2) Roll throttle up to 80% RPM (governor takes over)
Autorotation Level Off Procedure
1) Forward Cyclic
2) Introduce collective to cushion.
3) Set up for run on landing where possible
Power Failure Above 500’ AGL Procedure
Enter Autorotation
1) Lower Collective
2) Est glide @ 65kts
3) adj collective to keep RPM 97%
Power Failure Between 8’ and 500’ AGL
- Enter Auto-Rotation
- Lower Collective
- Adj Collective to keep RPM 97%
Power Failure below 8’ AGL
- Apply right pedal to prevent yawing
- Allow aircraft to settle
- Raise collective to cushion landing
Max glide distance configuration
- 75kias
- 90% Rotor RPM
Ratio 1:4 - 1nm/1500’
Air Restart Procedure
- Mixture: Full rich
- Primer: Down and locked
- Throttle: Closed, then cracked slightly
- Actuate Starter w/ left hand
Emergency Water Landing - Power Off
- Same as land
- Unlatch doors if time permits
- Apply lateral cyclic when aircraft contacts water to stop rotors
- Release seat belt and quickly clear aircraft when rotors stop
Emergency Water Landing - Power On
- Descend to hover above water
- Unlatch doors
- Passenger exit aircraft
- Fly safe distance from px to avoid rotor injury
- Switch battery and alternator OFF
- Roll throttle off into overtravel
- Keep aircraft level and apply full collective as aircraft contacts water
- Apply lateral cyclic to stop rotors
- Release seat belt and quickly clear aircraft when rotors stop
Loss of Tail Rotor Thrust - During Forward Flight
- Failure typically indicated by nose right/ tail left yaw which cannot be corrected by applying left pedal.
- Immediately enter auto-rotation
- Maintain at least 70kias if practical
- Select landing site, roll off throttle into overtravel and perform autorotation landing
Loss of Tail Rotor Thrust - During Hover
- Failure is usually indicated by nose right yaw which cannot be corrected by applying left pedal
- Immediately roll throttle off into overtravel and allow aircraft to settle
- Raise collective to cushion landing
(Hover auto without right pedal)
Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness
Only happens in hover. If you have ETL, there is no possibility of LTE
Caused By:
- MR Vorticies Interference
- Left Quartering Headwind
- TR Vortex Ring Stage (Direct left xwind) - blowing rotor wash back into tailrotor
- Weathercocking Stability - Tailwind catches empennage, causing it to continue to move in either direction, until facing into the wind
Engine Fire During Start on Ground
- Cranking - Continue and attempt to start which would suck flames and excess fuel through carb into engine
IF ENGINE STARTS
- Run at 50%-60% RPM for a short time, shut down, and inspect for damage
IF ENGINE FAILS TO START
- Shut off fuel and master switch
- Extinguish fire w/ extinguisher, wool blanket, or dirt
- Inspect for damage
Fire in Flight
- Enter Auto-Rotation
- Master switch OFF
- Cabin heat OFF
- Cabin Vent ON
IF ENGINE RUNNING
- Perform normal landing and immediately shut off fuel valve
IF ENGINE STOPS
- Shut off fuel valve and execute auto-rotation
Electrical Fire in Flight
- Master Switch OFF
- Alt Switch OFF
- Land Immediately
- Extinguish fire and inspect for damage
Tachometer Failure
- If one is operational, use opposite to monitor rpms, and land as soon as practical
- If both are malfunctioning, or issue cannot be distinguished between the two, allow governor to control RPM and land as soon as practical
Governor Failure
- Grip throttle firmly to override gov.
- Switch governor off
- Complete flight using manual throttle control
Oil Light On
Indicates loss of engine power or oil pressure
- Check engine tachometer for power loss
- Check oil pressure gauge
- If pressure loss is confirmed, land immediately
MR Temp Light On
Indicates excessive temp in main rotor gear box
- LAND IMMEDIATELY: If light is accompanied by any indication of problem such as noise, vibration, or temperature rise
- LAND ASAP: If no other indication of a problem.
MR or TR Chip Lights on
Indicates metallic particles in MR or TR gearbox
- LAND IMMEDIATELY: If light is accompanied by any indication of problem such as noise, vibration, or temperature rise
- LAND ASAP: If no other indication of a problem.
MR or TR Chip Lights on
Indicates metallic particles in MR or TR gearbox
- LAND IMMEDIATELY: If light is accompanied by any indication of problem such as noise, vibration, or temperature rise
- LAND ASAP: If no other indication of a problem.
Low Fuel Light ON
Indicates approximately 1 gallon of usable fuel.
- 5 minutes remaining at cruise power
Clutch Light On
If momentary, it’s normal
If light flickers or remains on for 10 seconds or more
- Pull clutch breaker
- Land ASAP
If other indications of drive system failure
- Be ready for auto-rotation
- Reduce power and land immediately
- Inspect drive system for possible malfunction
Alt Light On
Indicates low voltage and possible alternator failure
- Turn off nonessential electrical equipment
- Reset Overvoltage Relay
- ALT switch OFF, wait one second
- Alt switch ON
- Land ASAP: If light remains on
Brake Light On
Indicates rotor brake engaged
- Release brake
Starter Light On
Indicates starter motor engaged
IF LIGHT REMAINS ON WHEN IGNITION SWITCH RELEASED FROM START POSITION
- Mixture: Full lean/Cut-Off
- Master Switch: OFF
- Have starter motor serviced
GOV-OFF Light On
Indicates RPM throttle governor is off
Communication Failure
- Check radio volume
- Check headset volume
- Check intercom switch
If communication cannot be established.
- Squawk 7600
- If at towered airfield, look for light gun signals
Low RPM Horn and Caution Light
- Roll throttle on
- Lower collective
- Aft cyclic (in forward flight only)
Horn and light are disabled at full down collective
FAA AD 95-26-04
- Right roll in low “G”
- Uncommanded pitch, roll or yaw from turbulence
- Inadvertent encounter with moderate, sever, extreme turbulence
Carbon Monoxide Indicator ON
Indicated elevated levels of carbon monoxide
- Shut off heater
- Open nose and door vents
IF HOVERING
- Land or transition to forward flight
Land immediately with signs of headache, drowsiness, dizziness
Right Roll in low “G”
- Gradually apply aft cyclic to restore positive “G” forces and main rotor thrust
- Do NOT apply lateral cyclic until positive “G” forces have been established
Uncommanded pitch, roll, or yaw from turbulence
- Gradually apply controls to maintain rotor RPM, positive “G” forces, and eliminate sideslip
- Minimize cyclic control inputs in turbulence
- DO NOT OVERCONTROL
Inadvertent encounter with moderate, severe, extreme turbulence
IF ISOLATED
- Depart area
IF OTHERWISE
- Land ASAP
Retreating Blade Stall
Uncommanded roll to the left & slight nose up pitch
- Collective down
- Slightly aft cyclic
Low Vibrations Indicate
MR Issue
Medium Vibrations Indicate
Engine Issue
High Vibrations Indicate
TR Issue
Sympathetic Resonance of TR Drive Shaft
Occurs at 60%-70% RPM
Ground Resonance
Only occurs with lead/lag (fully articulated) rotor systems
Carburetor Icing
Is not prominently displayed in helicopters. Governor continues to increase throttle until at max throttle, giving little indication.
- Carb Heat FULL
IF ENGINE QUITS
- Close throttle hard to break carb ice
- Crack throttle slightly
- Attempt restart
Blade Slap
Typically occurs during shallow, high-speed descents, esp during turns
Main Rotor Stall
Caused by:
- Low Rotor RPM
- Aggressive Maneuvering
- High Collective Angle (typical of high DA)
- Over-Pitching during climb (exceeding available power)
- High forward airspeed
- Slow response to Low RPM warning system
Can result in MR contacting airframe
Mast Bumping
Caused by:
- Excessive MR Flapping from low “G” or abrupt control inputs
- High forward airspeed
- Excessive Turbulence
- Excessive sideslip
Settling with Power
Normal
- Lower Collective
- Right pedal
- Slight, SMOOTH forward cyclic
- Gain forward airspeed (ETL)
Side Step
- Lower Collective
- Right pedal
- Smooth right cyclic
Dynamic Rollover
Caused by landing gear contacting fixed objects, creating a pivot around that object.
- IMMEDIATE down collective
Avoidance
- Always practice hover auto-rotations into the wind and never in >10kts or gusty winds
- Never hover close to objects that could catch skids
- Always use two-step liftoff. Pull enough collective to become light on skids, feel for equilibrium, then lift helicopter into air.
- Do not practice hovering maneuvers close to the ground. Keep skids at least 5 ft above ground when practicing sideward or rearward flight.
Static Rollover
CG is such that helicopter tips in any direction by means of natural physics.
What conditions are irrecoverable
- Low RPM (80% +1%/1,000’) leads to blade stall
- Low G/Mast Bumping (leads to busted tail cone/rotors
Which emergencies require autorotation?
1) Engine Failure
2) Tail Rotor Failure
3) Fire in flight
