R&A Part 1 Flashcards
What is an argument?
A set of statements, one of which is the conclusion which is affirmed by premises.
What is a statement?
A sentence that is either true or false.
What does validity concern?
The form of an argument rather than it’s content.
What is logic?
The study of methods evaluating whether premises of an argument support the conclusion.
What makes an argument strong?
An argument is strong if it’s probable that if the premises are true, the conclusion will also be true.
What makes an argument cogent?
A cogent argument is an argument that is strong and has true premises.
Modus Ponens
If A then B
A
So, B
Modus Tollens
If A then B
Not B
So, not A
Hypothetical Syllogism
If A then B
If B then C.
A
So, C
Disjunctive Syllogism
Either A or B
Not A
So, B
OR
Not B
So, A
Constructive Dilemma
Either A or B
If A then C
If B then D
So, Either C or D
Fallacy of Denying the Antecedent
If A then B
Not A
So, B
Fallacy of Affirming the Consequent
If A then B
B
So, A
Non Argument - Report
An informative text, a series of assertions.
Non Argument - Illustration
Doesn’t give reasoning to believe a statement but rather offers an example
Non Argument - Explanatory Statement
Uses the word ‘because’ to explain a statement. ‘Because’ will be followed by an explanation of the fact preceding it.
Non Argument - Conditional Statement
If A then B. A statement with no conclusion.
Excessive Verbiage - Discount
Acknowledgement of a fact/possibility that renders the argument weak.
Excessive Verbiage - Repetition
The repetition of a statement doesn’t make it any more true. Not logically necessary.
Excessive Verbiage - Assurance
Word/phrase indicating authors confidence.
Excessive Verbiage - Hedge
Indicates the author is tentative (e.g. in my opinion)
