Quizzy Questions Exam 2 Flashcards
Tumors of the ___ result in the most cancer-related deaths in women.
Lung
The incidence of lung cancer is increasing/decreasing in females.
Increasing
Childhood retinoblastomas are inherited in ___ of cases.
40%
Which 2 of the following are thought to contribute to increased frequency of cancer with age?
Accumulation of somatic mutations (ROS) Reduced immunocompetence (TNF)
Environmental exposures do not influence the development of sporadic cancers. True or False
False - MC cause
Cancer-related death is responsible for ___ of all deaths among children less than 15 years of age.
10%
Sporadic carcinomas of the breast and colon are considered to be ___.
Familial cancers of uncertain inheritance
Which of the following is least likely to be involved with oncogenesis?
Genes that regulate noncoding DNA
Involved: genes involved in DNA repair, growth-promoting pro to-oncogenes, growth-inhibiting tumor suppressor genes
What is the second most prevalent karyotypic abnormality in tumor cells?
Deletions
Which is the most prevalent karyotypic abnormality in tumor cells?
Balanced translocations
An abnormal number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of organism’s haploid is termed this
Aneuploidy
What involves DNA methylation and histone modifications to cause changes in gene expression
Epigenetics
Which type of mutation is highly associated with hematopoietic malignancies?
Balanced translocations
In sporadic cases of retinoblastoma, both RB alleles are impacted via somatic mutation. True or False
True
Epigenetics refers to the reversible changes in gene expression that are not the result of genetic mutation. True or False
True
The RB gene is a tumor suppressor gene and is expressed in all cell types. True or False
True
Many oncogenic DNA viruses, like human papillomavirus, encode proteins that bind to the RB gene and render it nonfunctional. True or False
True
The TP53 gene is an example of a ___
Tumor suppressor gene
If DNA damage is detected, the products of the TP53 gene stimulate cellular arrest in which stage of the cell cycle?
G1
Which of the following is a common example of a virus that can nullify the protective function of the TP53 gene?
Hepatitis B virus
Many tumors metastasize to the organ that presents the first ___ they encounter after entering circulation.
Capillary bed
What is the glue that holds cells together, which must be inactivated to initiate migration of a tumor cell through the extracellular matrix?
E-cadherin
Once in circulation, aggregated tumor cells may be afforded protection from antitumor host cells. True or False
True
Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum have an inherited defect in which DNA repair system?
Nucleotide excision repair
The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are involved in ___
Homologous recombination
Patients with chronic gastrointestinal inflammation are at a(n) increased/decreased risk of developing cancer.
Increased
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is associated with what type of mismatch repair?
Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer
When cancer cells transition to aerobic glycolysis, the phenomenon is called what?
Warburg effect
Hepatitis B or C infections are associated with ___ of all cases of hepatocellular carcinoma.
80%
Epstein-Barr viral infections may contribute to oncogenesis by stimulating ___ proliferation.
B cell
Natural killer cells act as a first line of defense against tumor cells and function without previous tumor cell sensitization. True or False
True
Symptom complexes that occur within cancer patients that cannot be explained by the effects of a tumor cell appear in ___ of patients.
15%
All diseases involve changes in gene structure or expression. True or False
True
During surgery, a surgeon is likely to request a ___ to evaluate histological features of a tissue.
Frozen section
Which of the following has been shown to have greater clinical value? Cancer staging vs grading
Cancer staging
All congenital disorders are hereditary. True or False
False
Breast cancer may stimulate parathyroid hormone, resulting in ____
Hypercalcemia
What involves the substitution of a single nucleotide base that results in the coding for a stop codon?
Nonsense mutation
Which condition is an example of a hereditary condition that is not congenital?
Muscular dystrophy
Autosomal dominant conditions express phenotypic changes in the heterozygous/homozygous state.
Heterozygous
What is the result of a mutation in the FBN1 gene encoding fibrillin?
Marfan syndrome
Which area of the body is not predominantly affected by Marfan syndrome?
Colon
Many contortionists are believed to have a form of what?
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Death from a ___ is the most common cause of death among individuals with Marfan syndrome.
Ruptured aortic aneurysm
Individuals that are homozygous for familial hypercholestrolemia commonly die of ___ before the age of 20 years
Myocardial infarction
Which percentage of individuals with cystic fibrosis manifest pancreatic abnormalities?
90%
Children who lack phenylalanine hydroxyls will develop ___ if untreated early in life.
Mental retardation
Familial hypercholesterolemia involves a mutation in the LDLR gene and is present in 1 out of every ___ individuals.
500
Treatment of galactosemia may prevent many of the pathological effects of the condition, but ___ disorders may remain
Speech
Which patient population is most likely to be impacted by a lysosomal storage disease?
Infants
Which condition involves the accumulation of GM2 gangliosides within neurons and results in mental retardation?
Tay-Sachs disease
What condition manifests with results in coarse facial features and corneal clouding?
Mucopolysaccharidosis
von Gierke disease is a ___ of glycogen storage disease.
Hepatic type
Which type of glycogen storage disease manifests with cardiomegaly that may progress to cardiorespiratory failure?
Pompe disease
Chromosomal abnormalities are present in approximately 1 in ___ newborns
200
When genetic material is transferred from part of 1 chromosome to another it is termed a ____
Translocation
Additional genetic material produces more sever defects than does loss of genetic material. True or False
False
Virtually all patients with trisomy 21 older than 40 years old develop neuropathic changes associated with ___
Alzheimers disease
Doctors of chiropractic should be aware that patients with trisomy 21 may manifest with ___
Atlanto-axial instability
Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal disorder with an incidence of 1 per ___ live births
700
