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Pathology I > Quizzy Questions Exam 2 > Flashcards

Quizzy Questions Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Tumors of the ___ result in the most cancer-related deaths in women.

A

Lung

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2
Q

The incidence of lung cancer is increasing/decreasing in females.

A

Increasing

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3
Q

Childhood retinoblastomas are inherited in ___ of cases.

A

40%

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4
Q

Which 2 of the following are thought to contribute to increased frequency of cancer with age?

A 
Accumulation of somatic mutations (ROS)
Reduced immunocompetence (TNF)
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5
Q

Environmental exposures do not influence the development of sporadic cancers. True or False

A

False - MC cause

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6
Q

Cancer-related death is responsible for ___ of all deaths among children less than 15 years of age.

A

10%

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7
Q

Sporadic carcinomas of the breast and colon are considered to be ___.

A

Familial cancers of uncertain inheritance

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8
Q

Which of the following is least likely to be involved with oncogenesis?

A

Genes that regulate noncoding DNA

Involved: genes involved in DNA repair, growth-promoting pro to-oncogenes, growth-inhibiting tumor suppressor genes

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9
Q

What is the second most prevalent karyotypic abnormality in tumor cells?

A

Deletions

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10
Q

Which is the most prevalent karyotypic abnormality in tumor cells?

A

Balanced translocations

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11
Q

An abnormal number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of organism’s haploid is termed this

A

Aneuploidy

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12
Q

What involves DNA methylation and histone modifications to cause changes in gene expression

A

Epigenetics

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13
Q

Which type of mutation is highly associated with hematopoietic malignancies?

A

Balanced translocations

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14
Q

In sporadic cases of retinoblastoma, both RB alleles are impacted via somatic mutation. True or False

A

True

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15
Q

Epigenetics refers to the reversible changes in gene expression that are not the result of genetic mutation. True or False

A

True

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16
Q

The RB gene is a tumor suppressor gene and is expressed in all cell types. True or False

A

True

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17
Q

Many oncogenic DNA viruses, like human papillomavirus, encode proteins that bind to the RB gene and render it nonfunctional. True or False

A

True

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18
Q

The TP53 gene is an example of a ___

A

Tumor suppressor gene

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19
Q

If DNA damage is detected, the products of the TP53 gene stimulate cellular arrest in which stage of the cell cycle?

A

G1

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20
Q

Which of the following is a common example of a virus that can nullify the protective function of the TP53 gene?

A

Hepatitis B virus

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21
Q

Many tumors metastasize to the organ that presents the first ___ they encounter after entering circulation.

A

Capillary bed

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22
Q

What is the glue that holds cells together, which must be inactivated to initiate migration of a tumor cell through the extracellular matrix?

A

E-cadherin

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23
Q

Once in circulation, aggregated tumor cells may be afforded protection from antitumor host cells. True or False

A

True

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24
Q

Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum have an inherited defect in which DNA repair system?

A

Nucleotide excision repair

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25
Q

The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are involved in ___

A

Homologous recombination

26
Q

Patients with chronic gastrointestinal inflammation are at a(n) increased/decreased risk of developing cancer.

A

Increased

27
Q

Microsatellite instability (MSI) is associated with what type of mismatch repair?

A

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer

28
Q

When cancer cells transition to aerobic glycolysis, the phenomenon is called what?

A

Warburg effect

29
Q

Hepatitis B or C infections are associated with ___ of all cases of hepatocellular carcinoma.

A

80%

30
Q

Epstein-Barr viral infections may contribute to oncogenesis by stimulating ___ proliferation.

A

B cell

31
Q

Natural killer cells act as a first line of defense against tumor cells and function without previous tumor cell sensitization. True or False

A

True

32
Q

Symptom complexes that occur within cancer patients that cannot be explained by the effects of a tumor cell appear in ___ of patients.

A

15%

33
Q

All diseases involve changes in gene structure or expression. True or False

A

True

34
Q

During surgery, a surgeon is likely to request a ___ to evaluate histological features of a tissue.

A

Frozen section

35
Q

Which of the following has been shown to have greater clinical value? Cancer staging vs grading

A

Cancer staging

36
Q

All congenital disorders are hereditary. True or False

A

False

37
Q

Breast cancer may stimulate parathyroid hormone, resulting in ____

A

Hypercalcemia

38
Q

What involves the substitution of a single nucleotide base that results in the coding for a stop codon?

A

Nonsense mutation

39
Q

Which condition is an example of a hereditary condition that is not congenital?

A

Muscular dystrophy

40
Q

Autosomal dominant conditions express phenotypic changes in the heterozygous/homozygous state.

A

Heterozygous

41
Q

What is the result of a mutation in the FBN1 gene encoding fibrillin?

A

Marfan syndrome

42
Q

Which area of the body is not predominantly affected by Marfan syndrome?

A

Colon

43
Q

Many contortionists are believed to have a form of what?

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

44
Q

Death from a ___ is the most common cause of death among individuals with Marfan syndrome.

A

Ruptured aortic aneurysm

45
Q

Individuals that are homozygous for familial hypercholestrolemia commonly die of ___ before the age of 20 years

A

Myocardial infarction

46
Q

Which percentage of individuals with cystic fibrosis manifest pancreatic abnormalities?

A

90%

47
Q

Children who lack phenylalanine hydroxyls will develop ___ if untreated early in life.

A

Mental retardation

48
Q

Familial hypercholesterolemia involves a mutation in the LDLR gene and is present in 1 out of every ___ individuals.

A

500

49
Q

Treatment of galactosemia may prevent many of the pathological effects of the condition, but ___ disorders may remain

A

Speech

50
Q

Which patient population is most likely to be impacted by a lysosomal storage disease?

A

Infants

51
Q

Which condition involves the accumulation of GM2 gangliosides within neurons and results in mental retardation?

A

Tay-Sachs disease

52
Q

What condition manifests with results in coarse facial features and corneal clouding?

A

Mucopolysaccharidosis

53
Q

von Gierke disease is a ___ of glycogen storage disease.

A

Hepatic type

54
Q

Which type of glycogen storage disease manifests with cardiomegaly that may progress to cardiorespiratory failure?

A

Pompe disease

55
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities are present in approximately 1 in ___ newborns

A

200

56
Q

When genetic material is transferred from part of 1 chromosome to another it is termed a ____

A

Translocation

57
Q

Additional genetic material produces more sever defects than does loss of genetic material. True or False

A

False

58
Q

Virtually all patients with trisomy 21 older than 40 years old develop neuropathic changes associated with ___

A

Alzheimers disease

59
Q

Doctors of chiropractic should be aware that patients with trisomy 21 may manifest with ___

A

Atlanto-axial instability

60
Q

Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal disorder with an incidence of 1 per ___ live births

A

700

Pathology I (5 decks)

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