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Pathology I > Quizzy Questions Exam 1 > Flashcards

Quizzy Questions Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A cell that has undergone physiologic stress may adapt via what 2 mechanisms?

A

Metaplasia

Hypertrophy

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2
Q

What is the term indicating an increase in the number of cells has resulted from the proliferation of differentiated cells?

A

Hyperplasia (increase in number)

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3
Q

What is the term indicating a reversible change has occurred from one adult cell type by another adult cell type?

A

Metaplasia

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4
Q

This is the term for irreversible change, or cell death

A

Dysplasia

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5
Q

Decreased cellular protein synthesis combined with increase protein degradation is the hallmark feature of _____

A

Atrophy

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6
Q

Which morphological category of necrosis requires histological examination to determine?

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

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7
Q

The presence of lipid vacuoles within the cytoplasm of a cell (fatty changes) are most likely to occur following which type of injury?

A

Hypoxia

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8
Q

Which of the following describes destructive fragmentation of the nucleus within a dying cell?

A

Karyorrhexis

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9
Q

Mitochondria are resistant to the deleterious effects of hypoxia. True or False

A

False

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10
Q

Apoptosis may be stimulated by both irradiation and accumulation of improperly folded proteins. True or False

A

True

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11
Q

Phospholipids are enzymes within a cell that are most likely to be activated to ____ (mechanism of cell injury)

A

Influx of calcium

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12
Q

Cellular response to an injurious stimuli depends on what 3 factors?

A

Duration of injury
Type of injury
Severity of injury

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13
Q

Reactive oxygen species are produced in all cells during normal cellular metabolism. True or False

A

True

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14
Q

The restoration of blood flow to an area of ischemia commonly causes damage to what 2 types of tissue?

A

Cerebral neurons

Myocardium of heart

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15
Q

Caspase-8 is most likely to clear and activate pro-apoptotic molecules in which pathway?

A

Death receptor pathway

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16
Q

Damage caused by free radicals is determined by their ___ and efficiency of removal.

A

Rate of production

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17
Q

Name 2 reactive oxygen species.

A

Superoxide

Hydrogen Peroxide

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18
Q

Ischemia injures tissues faster and more severely than does hypoxia. True or False

A

True

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19
Q

Breakdown of the endometrium during menstrual cycle is an example of apoptosis. True or False

A

True

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20
Q

Calorie restriction inhibits the effects of aging. True or False

A

True

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21
Q

Which of the following is a short repeated sequence of DNA at the ends of chromosomes that protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes.

A

Telomere

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22
Q

Deposition of calcium into an injured tissue is called ___

A

Dystrophic calcification

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23
Q

Deposition of calcium into normal tissue is called ___

A

Metastatic calcification

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24
Q

Disorders causing destruction of bone (osteolysis) will cause ___

A

Metastatic calcification

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25
Q

The most common exogenous pigment is ___

A

Carbon

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26
Q

What is a multi-protein cytoplasmic complex that recognizes products of dead cells and initiates an inflammatory response upon activation?

A

Inflammasome

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27
Q

An increase of osmotic pressure of inflamed tissues will cause ___ accumulation, which is high in protein content.

A

Exudate

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28
Q

A stasis sets in at the site of an acute inflammatory reaction, ___ initiate margination and rolling.

A

Leukocytes

29
Q

Which 2 types of cells predominate sites of chronic inflammation.

A

Lymphocytes

Macrophages

30
Q

Which morphological pattern of inflammation is associated with acne vulgaris?

A

Purulent

31
Q

Which morphological pattern of inflammation is demonstrated by this histological examination? (Figure 2-11 pg 45)

A

Serous

32
Q

The resolution stage of an inflammatory reaction involves enzymatic degradation of the various chemical mediators of the reaction. True or False

A

True

33
Q

Increased vascular permeability results in exudate of protein-rich extravascular fluid. True or False

A

True

34
Q

Focal collections of pus are called ___

A

Abscesses

35
Q

The kinin system leads to the formation of ___, which increase vascular permeability.

A

Bradykinin

36
Q

Activation of ___ induces the activation of coagulation cascade and the complement system.

A

Hageman factor (factor XII)

37
Q

Activation of which system generates a pore-like membrane attack complex (MAC)?

A

Complement system

38
Q

TNF, Il-1, IL-6 are all considered to be ___

A

Cytokines

39
Q

Leukocytes is a common feature of inflammatory reaction, especially those induced by ___ infection.

A

Bacterial

40
Q

Pyrogens stimulate ___ synthesis, which stimulates production of neurotransmitters that reset the temperature set point.

A

Prostaglandin

41
Q

What 2 things are involved with septic shock following a septic bacterial infection?

A

Acidosis

Hypotensive shock

42
Q

Once the inflammatory response has resolved, the body initiates the process of healing. True or False

A

False

43
Q

Cells that are capable of proliferating in response to injury or loss of tissue mass are components of ___

A

Stable tissues

44
Q

Non-dividing cells are either in the __ or __ phases of the cell cycle.

A

G0 or G1

45
Q

Name an example of a labile cell

A

Hematopoietic cell (bone marrow)

46
Q

Which 2 things are commonly involved in response to increased growth factor?

A

Promotion of entry in cell cycle

Prevention of apoptosis

47
Q

Tissue recoil and return to baseline structures, following deformation is due to ___

A

Elastin

48
Q

Which fibrous structural protein of the extracellular matrix provides structural integrity to large vessel walls and ligaments?

A

Elastin

49
Q

The liver is a unique organ because it has teh ability to regenerate ___ of the tissue following surgical removal. (percentage)

A

50%

50
Q

Scar formation involves angiogenesis. True or False

A

True

51
Q

Which of the following components of the ECM acts as a reservoir for growth factors?

A

Proteoglycans

52
Q

Extensive regeneration or compensatory hyperplasia can occur only if the residual CT framework is structurally intact. True or False

A

True

53
Q

Granulation tissue is highly/poorly vascularized.

A

Highly

54
Q

Growth factors that stimulate and activate fibroblasts are primarily derived from ___

A

Macrophages

55
Q

As healing continues, localized fibroblasts increase/decrease extracellular matrix deposition.

A

Increase

56
Q

Extracellular matrix is degraded by matrix metalloproteinases, which are dependent on ___ for their activity.

A

Zinc ions

57
Q

As healing progresses, localized vasculature increases/decreases.

A

Decreases

58
Q

A surgical incision that was sutured is expected to reach peak neovascularization by day __

A

5

59
Q

A wound is likely to regain approximately __ of the original tissue strength within 3 months of healing. (percentage)

A

75%

60
Q

The genetic alterations associated with neoplasia are always passed to daughter cells upon cell division. True or False

A

True

61
Q

Genomic instability and angiogenesis are both hallmarks of cancer development. True or False

A

True

62
Q

Divergent differentiation of neoplastic cells is common. True or False

A

False

63
Q

What has the greatest impact on their biological behavior of a neoplasm?

A

Parenchyma

64
Q

Cancer cells are limited to undergoing approximately 60-70 replications prior to cellular senescence. True or False

A

False

65
Q

Which of the following is a mixed tumor that contains cells or tissues representing more than 1 germ cell type?

A

Teratoma

66
Q

In general, benign tumors are anaplastic and malignant tumors are well-differentiated. True or False

A

False

67
Q

Which type of cancer is most likely to use the lymphatic system for metastasis?

A

Carcinoma

68
Q

Which of the following is a mass of disorganized tissue that is similar in appearance to the tissues at the site of growth?

A

Hemartoma

Pathology I (5 decks)

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