Quizzy Questions Exam 1 Flashcards
A cell that has undergone physiologic stress may adapt via what 2 mechanisms?
Metaplasia
Hypertrophy
What is the term indicating an increase in the number of cells has resulted from the proliferation of differentiated cells?
Hyperplasia (increase in number)
What is the term indicating a reversible change has occurred from one adult cell type by another adult cell type?
Metaplasia
This is the term for irreversible change, or cell death
Dysplasia
Decreased cellular protein synthesis combined with increase protein degradation is the hallmark feature of _____
Atrophy
Which morphological category of necrosis requires histological examination to determine?
Fibrinoid necrosis
The presence of lipid vacuoles within the cytoplasm of a cell (fatty changes) are most likely to occur following which type of injury?
Hypoxia
Which of the following describes destructive fragmentation of the nucleus within a dying cell?
Karyorrhexis
Mitochondria are resistant to the deleterious effects of hypoxia. True or False
False
Apoptosis may be stimulated by both irradiation and accumulation of improperly folded proteins. True or False
True
Phospholipids are enzymes within a cell that are most likely to be activated to ____ (mechanism of cell injury)
Influx of calcium
Cellular response to an injurious stimuli depends on what 3 factors?
Duration of injury
Type of injury
Severity of injury
Reactive oxygen species are produced in all cells during normal cellular metabolism. True or False
True
The restoration of blood flow to an area of ischemia commonly causes damage to what 2 types of tissue?
Cerebral neurons
Myocardium of heart
Caspase-8 is most likely to clear and activate pro-apoptotic molecules in which pathway?
Death receptor pathway
Damage caused by free radicals is determined by their ___ and efficiency of removal.
Rate of production
Name 2 reactive oxygen species.
Superoxide
Hydrogen Peroxide
Ischemia injures tissues faster and more severely than does hypoxia. True or False
True
Breakdown of the endometrium during menstrual cycle is an example of apoptosis. True or False
True
Calorie restriction inhibits the effects of aging. True or False
True
Which of the following is a short repeated sequence of DNA at the ends of chromosomes that protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes.
Telomere
Deposition of calcium into an injured tissue is called ___
Dystrophic calcification
Deposition of calcium into normal tissue is called ___
Metastatic calcification
Disorders causing destruction of bone (osteolysis) will cause ___
Metastatic calcification
The most common exogenous pigment is ___
Carbon
What is a multi-protein cytoplasmic complex that recognizes products of dead cells and initiates an inflammatory response upon activation?
Inflammasome
An increase of osmotic pressure of inflamed tissues will cause ___ accumulation, which is high in protein content.
Exudate
A stasis sets in at the site of an acute inflammatory reaction, ___ initiate margination and rolling.
Leukocytes
Which 2 types of cells predominate sites of chronic inflammation.
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Which morphological pattern of inflammation is associated with acne vulgaris?
Purulent
Which morphological pattern of inflammation is demonstrated by this histological examination? (Figure 2-11 pg 45)
Serous
The resolution stage of an inflammatory reaction involves enzymatic degradation of the various chemical mediators of the reaction. True or False
True
Increased vascular permeability results in exudate of protein-rich extravascular fluid. True or False
True
Focal collections of pus are called ___
Abscesses
The kinin system leads to the formation of ___, which increase vascular permeability.
Bradykinin
Activation of ___ induces the activation of coagulation cascade and the complement system.
Hageman factor (factor XII)
Activation of which system generates a pore-like membrane attack complex (MAC)?
Complement system
TNF, Il-1, IL-6 are all considered to be ___
Cytokines
Leukocytes is a common feature of inflammatory reaction, especially those induced by ___ infection.
Bacterial
Pyrogens stimulate ___ synthesis, which stimulates production of neurotransmitters that reset the temperature set point.
Prostaglandin
What 2 things are involved with septic shock following a septic bacterial infection?
Acidosis
Hypotensive shock
Once the inflammatory response has resolved, the body initiates the process of healing. True or False
False
Cells that are capable of proliferating in response to injury or loss of tissue mass are components of ___
Stable tissues
Non-dividing cells are either in the __ or __ phases of the cell cycle.
G0 or G1
Name an example of a labile cell
Hematopoietic cell (bone marrow)
Which 2 things are commonly involved in response to increased growth factor?
Promotion of entry in cell cycle
Prevention of apoptosis
Tissue recoil and return to baseline structures, following deformation is due to ___
Elastin
Which fibrous structural protein of the extracellular matrix provides structural integrity to large vessel walls and ligaments?
Elastin
The liver is a unique organ because it has teh ability to regenerate ___ of the tissue following surgical removal. (percentage)
50%
Scar formation involves angiogenesis. True or False
True
Which of the following components of the ECM acts as a reservoir for growth factors?
Proteoglycans
Extensive regeneration or compensatory hyperplasia can occur only if the residual CT framework is structurally intact. True or False
True
Granulation tissue is highly/poorly vascularized.
Highly
Growth factors that stimulate and activate fibroblasts are primarily derived from ___
Macrophages
As healing continues, localized fibroblasts increase/decrease extracellular matrix deposition.
Increase
Extracellular matrix is degraded by matrix metalloproteinases, which are dependent on ___ for their activity.
Zinc ions
As healing progresses, localized vasculature increases/decreases.
Decreases
A surgical incision that was sutured is expected to reach peak neovascularization by day __
5
A wound is likely to regain approximately __ of the original tissue strength within 3 months of healing. (percentage)
75%
The genetic alterations associated with neoplasia are always passed to daughter cells upon cell division. True or False
True
Genomic instability and angiogenesis are both hallmarks of cancer development. True or False
True
Divergent differentiation of neoplastic cells is common. True or False
False
What has the greatest impact on their biological behavior of a neoplasm?
Parenchyma
Cancer cells are limited to undergoing approximately 60-70 replications prior to cellular senescence. True or False
False
Which of the following is a mixed tumor that contains cells or tissues representing more than 1 germ cell type?
Teratoma
In general, benign tumors are anaplastic and malignant tumors are well-differentiated. True or False
False
Which type of cancer is most likely to use the lymphatic system for metastasis?
Carcinoma
Which of the following is a mass of disorganized tissue that is similar in appearance to the tissues at the site of growth?
Hemartoma
