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Pathology I > Chapter 1 Cell injury, death, and adaptations > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Cell injury, death, and adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

Define pathology

A

The study of suffering (disease)

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2
Q

The origin of disease (why)

A

Etiology

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3
Q

Steps in developing disease (how)

A

Pathogenesis

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4
Q

Various changes accompany disease

A

Morphologic

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5
Q

What are two examples of cellular stress?

A

Physiologic stress

Pathological stimuli

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6
Q

Why do cells and tissues adapt to stressors?

A

To attempt to preserve viability and function

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7
Q

List 4 main cellular adaptations

A

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia

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8
Q

When are cellular adaptations exceeded?

A

Reversible cell injury

Irreversible cell injury

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9
Q

Increased SIZE of cell and organ typically from mechanical stress and growth factors

A

Hypertrophy

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10
Q

In hypertrophy do cells divide?

A

Cells are incapable of division

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11
Q

What is a physiologic example of hypertrophy?

A

Weight lifters

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12
Q

What is a pathologic example of hypertrophy?

A

Ventricular hypertrophy from HTN

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13
Q

Increased NUMBER of cells

A

Hyperplasia

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14
Q

Hyperplasia is a response to what?

A

Growth factors

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15
Q

In hyperplasia do cells divide?

A

Cells must be able to replicate

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16
Q

What is a physiological example of hyperplasia?

A

Female breast, liver

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17
Q

What is a pathologic example of hyperplasia?

A

Papilloma virus - warts

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18
Q

Give an example when hyperplasia would accompany hypertrophy?

A

Pregnant uterus

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19
Q

Decreased SIZE of cells or organs

A

Atrophy

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20
Q

Describe proteins and atrophy

A

Decreased protein synthesis

Increased protein breakdown

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21
Q

Are cells dead in atrophy?

A

No, decreased function

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22
Q

List five causes of atrophy

A 
Disuse
Reduced blood supply
Loss of innervation
Loss of endocrine supply
Aging (senile atrophy)
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23
Q

Thenar atrophy

A

Loss of innervation (atrophy)

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24
Q

REVERSIBLE change where one cell type is replaced by another

A

Metaplasia

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25
Q

Metaplasia is commonly a response to what?

A

Prolonged stressors

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26
Q

Give an example of metaplasia

A

Smoking and epithelial metaplasia

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27
Q

What are two common results of metaplasia?

A

Reduce the function of the cell

Increase chance of malignancy

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28
Q

List some causes of cellular injury

A

Trauma, genetic defects, hypoxia, poisons/toxins, nutritional imbalances, and aging

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29
Q

Describe reversible injury

A

Mild, LACK membrane damage and cell will return to normal once stressor is removed

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30
Q

What is the common appearance of a cell in reversible injury?

A

Cellular swelling and accumulation of fat in cytoplasm

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31
Q

Describe irreversible injury

A

Inability to correct mito dysfunction and membrane function

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32
Q

In cell death this is always pathological (inflammatory response)

A

Necrosis

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33
Q

This does not elicit an inflammatory response

A

Apoptosis

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34
Q

Nuclear dissolution without loss of membrane integrity

A

Apoptosis

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35
Q

List the morphological types of necrosis

A 
Coagulative
Liquefactive
Gangrenous
Caseous
Fat
Fibrinoid
36
Q

A brown recluse spider bite is an example of what?

37
Q

Characteristic of infarctions of solid organs except the brain

A

Coagulative necrosis

38
Q

Describe the tissue in coagulative necrosis

A

Tissue structure is preserved for a few days

Denatures proteins and enzymes

39
Q

Dead cells are completely digested and a liquid viscous mass results

A

Liquefactive necrosis

40
Q

What is the most common cause of liquefactive necrosis?

A

Bacterial infections

41
Q

CNS hypoxia

A

Liquefactive necrosis

42
Q

Ischemia in the lower extremity

A

Gangrenous necrosis

43
Q

Cheese like appearance that is friable yellow/white

A

Caseous necrosis

44
Q

Give an example of caseous necrosis

A

Granuloma from TB

45
Q

Medical emergency where leaked pancreatic enzymes cause fat saponification in the peritoneal cavity

A

Fat necrosis

46
Q

What is the enzyme precursor in fat necrosis

A

Activated pancreatic zymogens

47
Q

Typical of autoimmune reactions involving antigens and antibodies which are deposited in vascular walls

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

48
Q

Describe the characteristic trait of fibrinoid necrosis

A

Bright pink stain

49
Q

Give some examples of fibrinoid necrosis

A

Polyarteritis nodosa

Preeclampsia, lupus, organ transplant

50
Q

Falling off

51
Q

Give a physiologic example of apoptosis

A

Gill slits in embryonic development

52
Q

Give a pathologic example of apoptosis

53
Q

What is hallmark of apoptosis

A

Activation of capsases

54
Q

What are the two pathways of apoptosis?

A 
Mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway
Death receptor (extrinsic) pathway
55
Q

This pathway involves the tumor necrosis factor

A

Death receptor (extrinsic) pathway

56
Q

Sel-eating

57
Q

When does autophagy occur?

A

Survival during times of reduced nutrients

To rid misfolded proteins

58
Q

Give examples of diseases where autophagy occurs

A

Alzheimers, Parkinson’s, ALS

59
Q

This mechanism of cell injury is caused by hypoxia, nutritional deficiency, mitochondrial damage, and toxins

A

Depletion of ATP

60
Q

This mechanism of cell injury is from ROS, irradiation, and hypoxia which causes a loss of membrane potential

A

Mitochondrial damage

61
Q

This mechanism of cell injury is caused by ischemia and toxins

A

Influx of calcium

62
Q

This mechanism of cell injury is caused by ischemia-reperfusion, irradiation, cellular aging, phagocytic activity, and inflammatory cells

A

Accumulation of ROS

63
Q

This mechanism of cell injury is caused by ischemia, microbial toxins, various physical and chemical stressors, and characteristic of nearly all forms of necrosis

A

Defects in membrane permeability

64
Q

This mechanism of cell injury is commonly caused by ROS or irradiation and will trigger apoptosis when too severe

A

DNA and protein damage

65
Q

This type of injury impacts aerobic and anaerobic injury production

A

Ischemia and hypoxic injury

66
Q

In an ischemic and hypoxic injury, reduced ATP leads to depletion of what?

67
Q

In ischemia-reperfusion injury, the majority of injury results in the formation of what?

68
Q

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is clinically important in what two cases?

A

Cerebral and myocardial infarction

Stroke and heart attack

69
Q

Chemicals induce cellular injury via what two methods?

A

Direct action

Conversion

70
Q

Conversion typically results from what system in the liver?

A

Cytochrome P-450

71
Q

What is another term for intracellular accumulations

A

Inclusions

72
Q

Intracellular accumulations are associated with what two things?

A

Cell injury and aging

73
Q

Intracellular accumulations occur within what?

A

Cytoplasm, organelles, or nucleus

74
Q

What are the four main pathways of intracellular accumulations?

A

Abnormal metabolism
Defective protein folding/transport
Defective or absent enzymes
Ingestion of indigestible materials

75
Q

Give an example of abnormal metabolism

A

Fatty liver disease

76
Q

Give an example of ingestion of indigestible materials

A

Black lung

77
Q

What is another name for fatty changes

78
Q

Fatty changes is an accumulation of what?

A

Triglycerides

79
Q

What are the two most common causes of fatty changes?

A

Alcoholism and type II diabetes

80
Q

Dead/injured cells from examples such as aortic valve stenosis and atherosclerosis

A

Dystrophic calcification

81
Q

Deposition of calcium into normal tissues

A

Metastatic calcification

82
Q

An example of metastatic calcification can be found in hypercalcemia due to an increase in what hormone?

A

Parathyroid hormone

83
Q

Give two additional examples of metastatic calcification

A

Multiple myeloma and sarcoidosis

84
Q

Decreased ability to perform cellular division

A

Replicative senescence

85
Q

Give two examples of cellular aging

A

Werner syndrome

Progeria

Pathology I (5 decks)

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