Quizz 555 Flashcards
Tang & Posner (2009) reviewed studies of attention training (e.g. trying to improve task switching) and studies of attention state training (e.g. meditation, mindfulness, and exposure to nature). Which of the follows statements best reflects their findings?
Executive control is improved by both attention training and attention state training.
– the different types of training may affect different mechanisms; however, they both improve executive function.
Henry Molaison (H.M.) is considered the most important patient in modern history for his contributions to the study of memory and the brain. Models of memory fundamentally changed following his surgery in 1953 for epilepsy. Which of the following was a key insight that followed from the effects of his surgery?
Short-term memory and long-term memory are functionally separable.
– up to this point, it wasn’t clear that short-term and long-term memory were functionally separable.
Which of the following are true of short-term memory, as described in the Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model?
It is multimodal (general for senses).
Items will decay in about 20 seconds (without rehearsal).
Responses are chosen in short-term memory.
Petersen & Peterson (1959) did a study of maintenance rehearsal in which participants were presented with three-letter consonant groups (e.g. BKF). Participants were then given a number and told to count backwards by threes. The longer the participants counted backwards, the worse their recall for the consonants became. What did the authors conclude from this study?
Interference from counting backwards prevented rehearsal of the consonants.
– the counting interfered with the subvocal maintenance rehearsal of the consonants.
We have looked at a number of ways in which incoming sensory information is encoded in short-term memory. In a study by Conrad (1964), it was found that a series of consonants (e.g. MSTLJX) can be recalled incorrectly according to the sounds of the letters (e.g. MSVLKX). This acoustic confusion is called the ___________________ effect.
phonological similarity
Which of the following is true of “chunking”?
B.
It primarily focuses on grouping items by ‘deeper’, meaningful information.
C. It is based on the application of top-down information. E. It can make encoding and retrieval of information more effective.
Which of the following is the key difference between short-term memory and working memory?
Short-term memory focuses on encoding and storage, while working memory focuses on the manipulation of current and long-term information.
Which of the following are considered the main components of the Baddeley & Hitch (1974) model of working memory?
The central executive, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad.
When studying working memory and the phonological loop, it was found that the length of words could affect the number of items later recalled. What are the implications of this word length effect for the Baddeley & Hitch working memory model?
It shows the limitations of the phonological store, as longer words can’t be repeated as often in its 2-second capacity.
The addition of the _________________ to the Baddeley & Hitch model of working memory in 2000 was meant to add a larger capacity system that could combine information from long-term memory with incoming sensory data. It can specifically reconstruct an event (or events) that extends in both time and space.
episodic buffer
When trying to remember words in a free recall paradigm, Murdoch (1962) found that people had the best memory for items at the end of list and the beginning of the list. These effects are called the _____ effect and ____ effect, respectively.
recency
primacy
According to numerous studies, retrieving information is much more successful when it was organized during encoding. Based on the study of Bransford & Johnson (1972) which measured recall for a story both with and without a picture, which of the following is the best use of a diagram or outline as a study aid?
Study diagrams/outlines before reading the material to be learned
- it is most effective after the material is read as this improves the initial encoding.
If someone is asked what word goes with “BLUE”, they are much more likely to respond “sky” rather than “pretty”.
In an experiment, suppose you initially present the word pair “pretty-BLUE”. You later present a word pair and ask if the word in CAPITAL letters was presented earlier. Using the above example, “BLUE” is more likely to be recognized later in which of the following word pairs and why?
pretty-BLUE: The specificity of the original encoding with the cue will make retrieval of BLUE most likely.
– this was the lesson of CogLab 28. Context overcomes pre-existing associations.
You are studying for your big midterm and want to take advantage of what you have learned about levels of processing. Which of the following questions would be more likely to result in deeper encoding (and better recall) for a list of study terms?
Is the study term an answer to one of the fill-in-the-blank quiz questions?
– this would force you to process the meaning, resulting in ‘deeper’ encoding.
