Quiz Unit C Growth & Development Flashcards
At what age ranges do these periods occur: prenatal, infancy, toddler, preschool, school-age, adolescence, young adult, and older adult?
Prenatal = conception to birth; Infancy = 0-12 months; Toddler = 1-3 years; Preschool = 3-6 yrs; School age = 6-12 yrs; Adolescence (brain damage) = 12-20/25 yrs; Young adult = 20/25-45/50; Middle age = 45/50-65/70; Older adults = 65/70 and older
In what way are all people the same? Different?
We all have the same basic needs, but are different developmentally
What growth is charted for infants?
Weight, length, and head circumference
What is the best reflection of true growth in an infant or child?
Serial measurements.
Human growth has a _____, is _____ directed and includes both _____ and _____.
Purpose; Goal; Gain and loss
How would you describe continuity and discontinuity?
Continuity = cumulative change, it is gradual in nature. Discontinuity = abrupt changes, that may include regression
What are the 3 critical periods of growth?
Prenatal, middle-age, and old-age
What are the 4 competencies of development?
Cognitive, emotional, physical, and social
Describe cognitive competency.
Learn how to perceive, think, and solve problems
Describe emotional competency.
Learn awareness and acceptance of self, how to cope with stress, and responsibility for own actions
Describe physical competency.
Achieve motor and neurologic competence and be able to care for yourself
Describe social competency.
Learn how to affiliate with family first, then others
What is dendritic branching? Pruning?
Increase in neuronal cells via stimulation. Loss of neuronal tissue due to lack of stimulation
What body system is the primary determinant of growth?
The central nervous system
What is the “Principle of Readiness”?
It states that the ability to perform tasks depends on maturation of neurologic structures within the brain, and also on maturation of muscle and skeletal systems
What are the 3 principles of differentiation?
Development proceeds from simple to complex, homogeneous to heterogeneous, and general to specific
What are the 3 directional growth patterns?
Cephalocaudal (head to tail), proximodistal (from the center out), and bilateral
What is the principle of asynchronous growth?
Different parts grow at different rates. For example, the head is 50% of total body length at the 3rd month of intrauterine growth, 30% at birth, and only 12% at adulthood
What single word explains physiologic equilibrium?
Survival
What reflexes reflect survival mode?
Rooting and sucking, also called the oral stage of development
According to Piaget, what period involves mastering simple physical activities?
Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)
What developmental stage did Erikson prescribe to the 0-18 month age?
Trust/mistrust. Infant needs maximum gratification, minimum frustration
Name the 11 categories of Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns?
Activity (exercise), cognitive (perceptual), coping (stress tolerance), elimination, health (perception/maintenance), nutrition, roles (relationships), self-perception/concept, sexuality, sleep, values
What is the Denver Developmental Screening II Test used for?
It is used to see if children and infants are meeting certain developmental milestones within the normal age range
What is the most common type of accident after the 4th month of life?
Falling
What type of immunity passes from mom to newborn?
Passive immunization. It is short term
What is active immunization?
The body is stimulated to produce antibodies, as when a vaccine is given. This is long term.
Why don’t children get aspirin?
Reyes syndrome
How long is a child car seat rear facing?
1 year or 20 pounds
How fast can the inside temp of a car reach dangerous levels?
15-30 minutes
How fast does a toddler grow?
2-4 inches per year. 4-6 pounds per year. Head measured up to 2 years old
How are toddlers taught health care management?
By ritual (brushing teeth) and by identifying with others in the family (nutrition/exercise)
By what age are initial immunizations completed?
By 18 months
When are the primary teeth all in?
By age 3
When is the first dental visit for a child?
Usually done at some time during the toddler stage
If a toddler wants a bottle at bedtime, what should you give them and why?
Do not give them a bottle of sugar, like coke or fruit juice, or even milk. Give them water.
Should you punish the little brats over food?
It should be minimized.
As for toilet training, daytime dryness should be accomplished by age _____.
3
What are some prerequisite skills for potty training?
Walk, stoop and recover, stay dry at least 2 hours straight
What type of play is common in toddlers?
Parallel
How much sleep does a toddler need? What is a common sleep disturbance for toddlers?
- Night terrors
Describe a night terror episode and what to do about it?
The child cries out but doesn’t awaken. Try not to wake the child. Should go back to sleep within 5-10 minutes
What is Erikson’s developmental task for toddlers?
Autonomy vs shame/doubt
What is Piaget’s toddler stage?
They move from sensorimotor (birth-2yrs) to preoperational. Egocentrism and object permanence develop
When is Autism usually diagnosed?
In toddlers 18-30 months
What is the leading cause of hearing loss in toddlers?
Otitis media
What poisonous plants did she mention in her power point?
Poinsettia, amaryllis, aloe vera, English ivy, mistletoe, mums, and spider plants
What is SCHIP? What are some of its benefits?
State children’s health insurance program, which includes Anthem’s Hoosier Healthwise, and The Healthy Indiana Plan. It reduces risk for LBW and birth defects
How much do preschoolers grow?
4.4 pounds (2 kg) and 2.8 inches (7 cm) per year
How do preschoolers view pain and illness?
As punishment
What play styles are prevalent in preschoolers?
Imitation and fantasy
How much sleep does a preschooler need?
8-12 hours
What sleep disturbances do preschoolers have?
They have night terrors and nightmares
What type of bedtime behavior needs further assessment?
Demanding behavior that extends beyond 1 year, or an episode that lasts more than 1 hour
How long does their bedtime rituals normally last?
30-45 minutes is normal and should be respected
Who is a common playmate of preschoolers?
An imaginary friend
What is Erikson’s stage for preschoolers?
Initiative vs guilt
What type of sexuality does a preschooler exhibit?
They know the difference between the sexes and associate with the same sex
What types of coping strategies do preschoolers employ?
Doll/puppet play. Storytelling (the dog did it)
Have preschoolers developed a conscience yet?
Not fully
What models a preschooler’s behavior?
They control behavior to attain parental approval/love
What is the leading cause of death among toddlers and preschoolers?
Accidental injury, such as MVA
When are Dtap and MMR boosters given?
Dtap is given in the 4th year and MMR is given between 4 and 6 years of age
What is Autism?
It is a spectrum of chronic developmental disorders affecting social interactions, communication, and interests/activities. It is believed to be genetic, may be initially noted in infancy, but is most often noted during the toddler stage, mostly in boys
What are some common childhood cancers, and at what age does its incidence taper off?
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) incidence tapers off at age 5 (most common childhood cancer, Wilms tumor). Retinoblastoma, and neuroblastoma usually occur before the age of 5
What causes asthma in children? What causes exacerbations of it?
Genetics, allergens, infections, exercise, weather, stress. Tobacco smoke, pollutants, allergens
When is visual maturity achieved?
By age 6-7
How much do school age children grow?
On average, they grow about 2 inches (5 cm) and gain 5-6 pounds a year (2-3 kg)
When should we start blood pressure checks?
In school age children (5-12)
What does Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns emphasize for school kids?
Monitor/reinforce preventative practices, model health promoting behaviors at home and school
How many Kcals do school kids need?
1200-1800 per day
How is obesity defined among school kids?
BMI >95th percentile for age/gender, or BMI >30
What is primary and secondary enuresis?
In primary, the child never had bladder control, with secondary, they have some control, but have accidents, like night time bed wetting.
What is encopresis?
Pooping your pants after age 4
How much sleep do school kids need?
8-12 hours
What are some common sleep problems for school kids?
Sleep walking and sleep talking
What is Piaget’s stage for school kids?
Concrete operations. No abstract thinking yet, but less egocentric
What is Erikson’s stage for school kids?
Industry vs inferiority. Mastering tasks
What parent do school age kids identify with?
Same sex parent
What is somatization?
It is the transfer of feelings to physical problems (I’m upset, so my stomach hurts and I can’t go to school).
What is Kohlberg’s stage for school kids?
They begin in the preconventional stage (more egocentric), and slowly switch to the conventional stage (more concern about group interest/values) Lying, cheating, and stealing are common problems
What is the minimum recommended age for riding an ATV?
16
What diseases are common during the school age years?
Strep, otitis media, gastroenteritis (viral), scabies, and lice
What immunizations are recommended during the school years?
HPV, Hepatitis B, meningitis, varicella
