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Health Promotion - Nrsg 130 > Exam 1 - Test Map (Unit A) > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Test Map (Unit A) Flashcards

1
Q

What may indicate barriers to receiving HIV prevention messages and accessing or using intervention and tx services?

A

Socioeconomic characteristics of the population, such as poverty and unemployment

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2
Q

According to the CDC, National Health Interview Survey, which ethnic group has a lack of health insurance?

A

Persons of Mexican origin

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3
Q

Which ethnic group is 1/3 of the uninsured population?

A

Hispanic origin

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4
Q

Which ethnic group is 14% of the uninsured population?

A

non-Hispanic Black

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5
Q

What must low-income families, without health ins rely on?

A

A fragmented and difficult-to-use public system of health care

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6
Q

What is sometimes difficult to obtain and its availability may not be adequately understood by uninsured, low-income families?

A

Reg preventive care, including prenatal care, immunizations, and well-child care

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7
Q

Define evidence-based practice

A

Conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about care of individual pts

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8
Q

How does ANA define evidence-based practice?

A

Integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research

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9
Q

Why do nurses need to use evidence-based practice?

A

Emphasis is shifting from acute, hospital-based care to preventive, community-based care, which is provided in nontraditional health care setting in the community

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10
Q

What are the 5 steps within the 3 levels of prevention?

A

Health promo & specific protection (primary); Early dx, prompt tx, & disability limitation (secondary); Restoration & rehabilitation (tertiary)

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11
Q

Define primary prevention.

A

Precedes disease or dysfunction

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12
Q

What is the purpose of primary prevention?

A

To decrease the vulnerability of the individual or population to disease or dysfunction

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13
Q

What do the interventions at the primary prevention level encourage individuals and groups to do?

A

Become more aware of the means of improving health and the things they can do at the primary preventative health level and the optimal health level

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14
Q

Primary prevention can also include what that protects the health of the public?

A

Advocating for policies that promote the health of the community and electing public officials who will enact legislation

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15
Q

What is the focus of primary prevention?

A

Prevention of the initial occurrence of disease or injury

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16
Q

List examples of nurse prevention activities at the primary level

A

Counseling, planning, education, classes, immunizations, assessments, disease surveillance (communicable), & advocating for the resolution of health issues (access to health care, healthy environment)

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17
Q

Define passive strategies of health promo

A

Involves individual as an inactive participant or recipient

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18
Q

Define active strategies of health promo

A

Individual personally involved in adopting a proposed program of health promo

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19
Q

Examples of passive strategies of health promo

A

Public health efforts to maintain clean water and sanitary sewage systems to decrease infectious diseases and introducing vit. D in milk when there’s little sunlight

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20
Q

Examples of active strategies of health promo

A

Lifestyle changes - daily exercise and stress-management

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21
Q

When are primary prevention interventions considered health protection?

A

When they emphasize shielding or defending the body (or the public) from specific causes of injury or disease

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22
Q

Define secondary prevention

A

Ranges from providing screening activities & tx early stages of disease to limiting disability by averting or delaying the consequences of advanced disease

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23
Q

Why is screening a secondary prevention?

A

To identify individuals in an early, detectable stage of the disease process

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24
Q

What is a vital role for nursing in the secondary prevention level?

A

Limiting disability since preventative measures are primarily therapeutic and are aimed at arresting the disease and preventing further complications

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25
Q

What is the focus of secondary prevention?

A

Early detection of disease and tx with the goal of limiting severity and adverse effects

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26
Q

Examples of secondary prevention

A

Screenings, tx of STDs, tx of Tb, and control of outbreaks of communicable diseases

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27
Q

Are interventions for secondary prevention level similar to primary preventions?

A

Yes, but applied to individuals/populations with disease

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28
Q

What does the tertiary prevention process involve?

A

Minimizing the effects of disease and disability by surveillance and maintenance activities aimed a preventing complications and deterioration

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29
Q

What is the objective of the tertiary prevention level?

A

To return the affected individual to a useful place in society maximize remaining capacities, or both

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30
Q

Nurse prevention activities in the tertiary prevention level

A

Nutrition counseling, exercise rehab, shelters, support groups, case mgmt (chronic illness or mental illness), and exercise for hypertensive clients (individual)

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31
Q

What are some roles nurses have in health promo and protection?

A

Advocate, care manager, consultant, deliverer of services, educator, healer, and researcher

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32
Q

What is considered a major portion of the nurse’s role when influencing health policies?

A

To advocate not only for the individual, but also for justice in health care delivery

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33
Q

Define lobbying

A

The process of trying to persuade legislators to vote for or against measures important to the interest group represented

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34
Q

Define a lobbyist

A

A registered representative of a special interest group

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35
Q

What organization employs nurse lobbyists?

A

ANA, located in Washington D.C.

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36
Q

What is a DRG?

A

Diagnosis-Related Group: A statistical system of classifying any inpatient stay into groups for the purposes of pymt

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37
Q

Who must be covered by state MCD programs?

A

All pregnant women and children up to 6yrs of age with family income <133% of the federal poverty level and encourages states to voluntarily expand coverage to women up to 185% of the poverty level

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38
Q

What is the most profound and pervasive determinant of health status in Blacks/African Americans (BAA)?

A

Poverty

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39
Q

What happens when poor people can’t afford health insurance?

A

Limits their access to health care services such as prenatal & maternal care, childhood immunizations, dental checkups, well-child care, & a wide range of other health promo preventive services

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40
Q

What does decreased resources for preventative care in people living in poverty mean?

A

May necessitate more expensive services, such as emergency room care and intensive care in times of severe illness

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41
Q

What 2 indices show the effects of poverty?

A

High rates of infant mortality and maternal mortality

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42
Q

What ethnic group has responded well to prevention and tx of infectious diseases, but have other health problems that are closely linked with poverty and harmful lifestyle practice?

A

Native Americans

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43
Q

When does tertiary prevention occur?

A

Occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible

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44
Q

What are the 6 dimensions of health promotion?

A

Individual, family, community, socioeconomic, cultural, and environment

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45
Q

What is Health Promotion?

A

A process that enables individuals, groups, families, & communities to exhibit control over determinants of their behavior & to take action; Biological, Ecological-social, Psychological, & Moral Dimensions of a person

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46
Q

What is health promotion behavior motivated by?

A

By the desire to increase well-being and actualize human health potential

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47
Q

What is disease prevention (or health protection) behavior motivated by?

A

By the desire to avoid illness, detect early, or maintain functioning within constraints of illness

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48
Q

How is life span studied?

A

Physically, emotionally, cognitively, spiritually, and socially

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49
Q

What is seen as the last developmental phase?

A

Dying - the final attempt to come to terms with self, others, and life in general

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50
Q

What’s included in the development of a person?

A

Physiologic/Emotional, Cognitive, Cultural, Social, Moral, Spiritual

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51
Q

List the 4 models of health

A

Clinical, Role-performance, adaptive, & eudaimonistic dimensions

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52
Q

Define the models of health

A

The realization of human potential thru goal-directed behavior, competent self-care, & satisfying relationships w/others, while adapting to maintain structural integrity & harmony w/the social & physical environment

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53
Q

What is the health extreme in the clinical dimension?

A

Absence of s/s of disease or disability

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54
Q

What is the illness extreme in the clinical dimension?

A

Presence of s/s or obvious disability

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55
Q

Who uses the clinical model of health?

A

People who use this model may not seek preventive health services or they may wait until they are very ill to seek care

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56
Q

What is the health extreme in the role-performance model of health?

A

Performance of social roles w/max expected output

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57
Q

What is the illness extreme in the role-performance model of health?

A

Failure to perform one’s social roles

58
Q

What does the role performance model of health include?

A

Work, family, & social roles, with performance based on societal expectations

59
Q

What model is the basis for occupational health evals, school physical exams, & physician excused absences?

A

Role performance model of health

60
Q

What is a vital component of the role performance model?

A

The idea of the “sick role,” which excuses people from performing their social fxns

61
Q

What is the health extreme in the adaptive model of health?

A

Flexible adaptation to the environment

62
Q

What is the illness extreme in the adaptive model of health?

A

Alienation of the person from environment

63
Q

What is the measure of health in the adaptive model of health?

A

People’s ability to adjust positively to social, mental, & physiological change

64
Q

What occurs when the person fails to adapt or becomes maladaptive to changes?

A

Illness

65
Q

How is life span studied?

A

Physically, emotionally, cognitively, spiritually, & socially

66
Q

What is seen as the last developmental phase in a life span?

A

Dying: the final attempt to come to terms with self, others, & life in general

67
Q

What is the health extreme of the eudaimonistic model of health?

A

Exuberant well-being

68
Q

What is the illness extreme of the eudaimonistic model of health?

A

Devitalized, increasing debility

69
Q

What does the eudaimonistic model of health emphasize?

A

The interactions btwn physical, social, psychological, & spiritual aspects of life & the environment that contribute to goal attainment & create meaning

70
Q

How is illness reflected in the eudaimonistic model of health?

A

By a denervation or languishing, a lack of involvement with life

71
Q

What is an indicator of need for nursing intervention in functional health?

A

Loss

72
Q

How are the levels reflected in functional health?

A

In terms of performance/social expectations

73
Q

How is functional health characterized?

A

As being present or absent, high level or low level, and influenced by neighborhood and society

74
Q

How does society view healthy people?

A

If they can meet role obligations (work, parenting, etc.)

75
Q

How does W.H.O. define health?

A

A state of physical functioning & also the total functioning of the person (physically, socially, psychologically & spiritually)

76
Q

Define physical health concepts?

A

Change and adapt

77
Q

Define social health concepts?

A

Interact and form relationships

78
Q

Define psychological health concepts?

A

Problem solve, manage stress & crises, & respond appropriately to situations

79
Q

Define spiritual health concepts?

A

Belief in higher power, ethical standards, moral character & values

80
Q

What does the total positive functioning within the health domains equal?

A

Healthy state, fulfilling life, and homeostasis

81
Q

Define “disease”

A

The failure of a person’s adaptive mechanisms to counteract stimuli and stresses adequately, resulting in functional or structural disturbances

82
Q

Define “illness”

A

Made up of the subjective experience of the individual and the physical manifestation of disease

83
Q

What are the 7 determinants of health according to Healthy People 2020?

A

1) Physical activity 2) Obesity 3) Tobacco use 4) Responsible sexual behavior 5) Mental health 6) Environmental equality 7) Access to health care

84
Q

What does the National guidelines to promote health define?

A

National emphasis for health promotion and disease prevention efforts

85
Q

What are the 4 overarching goals of Healthy People 2020?

A

Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, & premature death; Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, & improve the health of all groups; Create social & physical environment that promotes good health for all; Promote quality of life, healthy development, & healthy behaviors across all life stages

86
Q

What are the 4 foundational health measures that serve as an indicator of progress towards the goals of Healthy People 2020?

A

General health status; Health related quality of life & well being; Determinants of health; Disparities

87
Q

What is the Health, United States report?

A

A published document reporting the health status of the nation by tracking a variety of specific, measurable health indicators

88
Q

Who prepares the Health, United States report?

A

Dept of Health & Human Resources

89
Q

What is the main goal of Health, United States report?

A

Inform policy makers, the President, & Congress of the trends of the nation’s health to guide the development of sound health policy & allocate resources to maintain & improve the health of the nation’s citizens

90
Q

What is the goal of Healthy People 2020?

A

To increase quality & yrs of healthy life & eliminate health disparities

91
Q

What statistics does the W.H.O. provide?

A

Morbidity data & compares U.S. with other countries

92
Q

What are the standard measures used to compare the health status of the population of one nation with another?

A

Death indicators (infant mortality rates)

93
Q

Who is responsible for interventions for Healthy People 2020?

A

Individuals, health care providers, and community partnerships

94
Q

What responsibilities does an individual have for interventions r/t Healthy People 2020?

A

Lifestyle and behaviors

95
Q

What responsibilities does health care providers have for interventions r/t Healthy People 2020?

A

Offer preventative services and monitoring behaviors

96
Q

What responsibilities does the community partnerships have for interventions r/t Healthy People 2020?

A

To promote health (e.g., work sites, faith communities)

97
Q

Define prevention in a narrow sense

A

Averting the development of disease in the future

98
Q

Define prevention in a broad sense

A

Prevention consists of all measures, including definitive therapies, that limit disease progression

99
Q

What are the levels of prevention related to?

A

The natural hx of disease. They can also be used to prevent disease & provide nurses with starting points in making effective, positive changes in the health status of their clients

100
Q

Can people be in 2 different periods of the life cycle at the same time?

A

Yes

101
Q

What is the prenatal period in the life cycle?

A

Conception to birth

102
Q

What is the infancy period in the life cycle?

A

birth to 1 yr

103
Q

What is the preschooler period in the life cycle?

A

3 to 6 yrs

104
Q

What is the school-age period in the life cycle?

A

6 to 12 yrs

105
Q

What is the adolescence period in the life cycle?

A

12 to 20-25 yrs

106
Q

What is the young adult period in the life cycle?

A

20 or 25 to 45 or 50 yrs

107
Q

What is the middle age period in the life cycle?

A

45 or 50 to 65-70 yrs

108
Q

What is the older adult period in the life cycle?

A

65 or 70 yrs and olders

109
Q

Generality about people

A

All persons are similar and have the same basic needs, but they are unique in following and expressing their own developmental patterns

110
Q

Growth patterns

A

Growth rate not steady (infancy vs. school age); Different body parts grow at different rates

111
Q

Growth charts

A

CDC; Chart linear, wt, & head circumference (infants), BMI for age; Serial measurements best reflection of growth

112
Q

Can early patterns of behavior persist throughout life?

A

Yes

113
Q

How is development lifelong?

A

Follows definable, predictable & sequential pattern, and occurs throughout adulthood

114
Q

Why is childhood the foundation period of life?

A

Attitudes, habits, patterns of behavior and thinking, personality traits, and health status are established

115
Q

How is growth and development continuity evidenced?

A

Cumulative change

116
Q

How is growth and development discontinuity evidenced?

A

Distinct stages, abrupt occurrence, or even regression

117
Q

Growth is accompanied by a change in what?

A

Behavior

118
Q

Does human behavior have a purpose?

A

Yes, it is goal directed and involves both gain and loss

119
Q

What are the critical periods in growth and development?

A

When there are tremendous demands on the person - the susceptibility to adverse environmental factors increases

120
Q

What are the 3 critical periods during growth and development?

A

Prenatal (1st trimester), Middle age, and Old-age

121
Q

What happens if the appropriate stimuli and resources aren’t available during critical periods or when the person is ready to receive and use particular stimuli for the development of a specific pyschomotor skill?

A

The skill may be more difficult to learn later in the developmental sequence

122
Q

What is the basis for the next developmental era?

A

Mastering developmental tasks of one period

123
Q

Progressive differentation of the self from the environment results from what?

A

Increases self-knowledge and autonomy

124
Q

What does development involve for growth, improvement, maintenance, recovery, or dealing with loss?

A

Changing allocation of resources (time, energy, talent, social skills, or money)

125
Q

How does the development period birth thru adolescence allocate their resources?

A

Uses energy towards growth

126
Q

How does the development period old age allocate their resources?

A

Towards loss

127
Q

Development is multidimensional by acquiring what 4 major competencies?

A

Physical, cognitive, emotional, social

128
Q

Explain the physical competencies of development

A

Motor and neurologic capacities to attain mobility and manipulation and to care for self

129
Q

Explain the cognitive competencies of development

A

Learn how to perceive, think, solve problems, and communicate thoughts and feelings

130
Q

Explain the emotional competencies of development

A

Develop an awareness and acceptance of self, respond to other people and factors in environment, cope with inner and outer stresses, and become responsible for personal behavior

131
Q

Explain the social competencies of development

A

Learn how to affiliate securely with the family (1st then with other people in various situations

132
Q

What is essential for learning to occur during development?

A

Readiness and motivation

133
Q

How is development relative?

A

Many factors contribute to the formation of permanent characteristics and traits (genetic inheritance, prenatal environment factors, family & society, nutrition/physical/emotional environment, & deg of intellectual stimulation in the environment)

134
Q

How is development modifiable?

A

Using skills stimulates and related abilities are improved whereas; not using certain skills or abilities causes neuronal loss and consequent decrease or loss of fxn

135
Q

What is the primary determinant of normal growth governed by?

A

The Central Nervous System

136
Q

What does the ability to perform a physical task depend on?

A

Maturation of neurologic structures in the brain and maturation of the muscular & skeletal systems

137
Q

Principle of Differentation: How does development proceed?

A

Simple to complex; Homogeneous to heterogeneous; General to specific

138
Q

What are the 3 directional growth patterns?

A

Cephalocaudal, proximodistal, & bilateral (symmetric)

139
Q

Can the growth of parts of the body increase at different rates?

A

Yes (e.g., the head becomes smaller in relation to the rest of the body from infancy to adulthood)

140
Q

What is the principle of Asynchronous Growth?

A

Developmental shifts at successive periods in development

Health Promotion - Nrsg 130 (7 decks)

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