Quiz Questions

Question 1

The primitive reflexes ……

i) Include the Moro and sucking reflexes.
ii) Persist throughout life unless there is an injury to the central nervous system.
iii) Are a sign of developmental problems if absent.

Answer 1

i and iii

Question 2

Maturation of perception …….

a. Occurs as soon as the visual system is fully formed physically
b. Occurs slowly over the first 1 to 2 decades of life
c. All of the other answers are TRUE
d. Occurs much more quickly for vision than proprioception (sense of body in space)
e. Occurs for central vision before peripheral vision

Answer 2

b. Occurs slowly over the first 1 to 2 decades of life

Question 3

Condyloid and Saddle joints:

a. Occur in joints within the hand
b. Allow biaxial rotation
c. Are synovial joints
d. Are more mobile than hinge joints
e. All of the other answers are correct

Answer 3

e. All of the other answers are correct

Question 4

Stretch shortening cycles…

a. Involve eccentric followed rapidly by concentric contraction
b. Rely partly on storage of elastic energy in tendons
c. Have a relatively high risk of injury
d. Are effective for maximising power production
e. All of the other answers are correct

Answer 4

e. All of the other answers are correct

Question 5

What types of movement task rely more on vision than other senses?

i) Catching a moving object that is coming towards us.
ii) Providing the signals needed to tell us when to turn on muscles in our legs to support our body weight when our foot hits the ground in the walking cycle.
iii) Pulling our hand away from a hot plate.
iv) Pointing accurately at a specific object near at hand.

Answer 5

i and iv

Question 6

Intervertebral disks:

a. all of the other answers are correct
b. narrow slightly during the course of a day
c. arrow slightly in heathy middle age
d. expand by about 10% during the period between birth and 5 years
e. stop growing before vertebrae

Answer 6

b. narrow slightly during the course of a day

Question 7

The ability to generate muscle forces increases from:

a. isometric to eccentric to concentric contractions
b. eccentric to isometric to concentric contractions
c. isometric to concentric to eccentric contractions
d. concentric to eccentric to isometric contractions
e. concentric to isometric to eccentric contractions

Answer 7

e. concentric to isometric to eccentric contractions

Question 8

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Type I muscle fibres are more ‘aerobic’ than Type II muscle fibres
b. More fat (than carbohydrate) is used by muscles in high intensities of exercise

c, Elite endurance athletes are characterised by a high percentage of Type I muscle fibres

d. Elite 100m sprinters are characterised by a high percentage of Type II muscle fibres

Answer 8

b. More fat (than carbohydrate) is used by muscles in high intensities of exercise

Question 9

An example of an axial muscle is i)…….. and an example of an appendicular muscle is ii)…….

i) Rectus abdominus, ii) brachialis
i) biceps briachii, ii) brachialis
i) brachialis, ii) rectus abdominus
i) trunk muscle, ii) neck muscle
i) finger muscle, ii) brachialis

Answer 9

i) Rectus abdominus, ii) brachialis

Question 10

Which of the following statements about motor units are true?

a. There are more muscle fibres per motor unit in the eye muscles than in arm muscles
b. Every muscle fibre is innervated by multiple motor neurons
c. The number of muscle fibres in a muscle innervated by each motor neuron determines the degree to which the muscle can produce fine force gradations
d. A motor unit is the same thing as a motor neuron

Answer 10

c. The number of muscle fibres in a muscle innervated by each motor neuron determines the degree to which the muscle can produce fine force gradations

Question 11

In a 100m sprint …..

a. all the muscle fibres are involved right from the start
Answers:

b. the type I fibres are involved at the start of the sprint and then the Type II fibres become involved at the end
c. only the Type II muscle fibres are involved (as these are the fast-contracting, glycolytic ones)
d. all the muscle fibres are involved right from the start
e. all the creatine phosphate and ATP are used up

Answer 11

d. all the muscle fibres are involved right from the start

Question 12

The ‘lactate’ or ‘anaerobic’ threshold …..

a. is essentially the same as VO2max
b. represents the exercise intensity above which exercise cannot be sustained at steady state
c. can be measured or estimated in a sprint test (such as a 30s all out exercise test)
d. is a concept or measure that is especially important for sprinters and endurance athletes

Answer 12

b. represents the exercise intensity above which exercise cannot be sustained at steady state

Question 13

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a. The Fick principle describes the following relationship:

Q = SV x HR

b. Well trained endurance athletes typically have higher maximal and resting heart rates than people who are not trained
c. Maximal heart rate can be estimated using the equation:

HRmax = 220 - (0.7 x age)

Correct

d. The Fick principle describes the following relationship:

VO2= Q x (arterial – venous) O2 difference

Answer 13

d. The Fick principle describes the following relationship:

VO2= Q x (arterial – venous) O2 difference

Question 14

Which of the following are not characteristics of reflexes?

a. They produce a relatively small set of responses to certain types of sensory inputs
b. They rely primarily on “simpler” (phylogenetically old) parts of the central nervous system
c. They are designed to provide fast movement responses that meet important functional needs
d. They have essentially unlimited flexibility in the response that they can produce to a given sensory input

Answer 14

d. They have essentially unlimited flexibility in the response that they can produce to a given sensory input

Question 15

Pivot joints:

a. Are predominantly uniplanar
b. Include knee and elbow joints
c. Are biaxial
d. All of the other answers are correct
e. Allow rotation about more than one axis

Answer 15

a. Are predominantly uniplanar

Question 16

As we age, balance impairments arise because we lose……

a. vestibular receptors
b. visual function
c. motor neurons
d. all of the other answers are TRUE
e. muscle fibre volume

Answer 16

d. all of the other answers are TRUE

Question 17

An elite netballer practices develops the ability to pass the ball to the goal shooter via multiple trajectories (i.e. chest pass, lob, low bounce pass, etc). This improves her performance by:

a. helping her to make faster decisions by giving her more options
b. slowing the decisions of her opponents because they have more potential options to defend
c. helping her to identify the best option in a given situation
d. making it easier for her teammates to predict what she will do

Answer 17

b. slowing the decisions of her opponents because they have more potential options to defend

Question 18

The effects of physical activity on muscle size include:

a. substantial atrophy with resistance training
b. rapid hypertrophy with endurance training
c. hypertrophy with habitual loading
d. subtle atrophy with severely reduced loading
e. dramatic, and rapid atrophy with immobility

Answer 18

e. dramatic, and rapid atrophy with immobility

Question 19

The allometric scaling of strength to body mass:

a. Follows a linear relationship
b. Shows that smaller athletes have lower strength to weight ratio than larger athletes
c. Shows that smaller athletes have greater strength to weight ratio than larger athletes
d. Occurs because strength is proportional to the cube of length, and mass is proportional to the square of length

Answer 19

c. Shows that smaller athletes have greater strength to weight ratio than larger athletes

Question 20

Perception is …..

a. The same thing as sensation
b. Critical for every movement
c. A creative process that can allow us to infer features of a scene that are not physically there
d. Never involved in the control of movement

Answer 20

c. A creative process that can allow us to infer features of a scene that are not physically there

Question 21

Bones are controlled by genes:

a. only before birth
b. ll of the other answers are TRUE
c. that may be specific to individual bones
d. and the same set of genes is responsible for all bone regulation
e. and genetic regulation of bone is independent of the environment

Answer 21

c. that may be specific to individual bones

Question 22

Some challenges to ideal motor performance that arise at the Perceiving stage of the information processing model include:

a. the fact that our perceptions are biased by our previous experiences
b. the fact that we often obtain incomplete or inaccurate sensory information
c. the fact that perception often requires us to pay attention to certain sensory inputs at the expense of others
d. all of the other answers are TRUE
e. the fact that perception can require quite a bit of processing time

Answer 22

d. all of the other answers are TRUE

Question 23

Which of the following statements about spinal curvature are TRUE?

i) Primary curves are developed in utero
ii) Kyphosis of the thoracic spine is a secondary curve
iii) Cervical lordosis is necessary for us to hold our heads upright when standing and walking

Answer 23

i and iii

Question 24

Which of the following statements is false?

a. Children do not acclimatize as quickly as adults to heat
b. Children can produce the same amounts of lactic acid during exercise as adults
c. The capacity for anaerobic metabolism in children is lower than for adults
d. Children do not generally sweat to the same extent as adults

Answer 24

b. Children can produce the same amounts of lactic acid during exercise as adults

Question 25

Relative to most other joints, ball and socket joints have i) …..……., and ii) ………….

i) good mobility, ii) good stability
i) good mobility, ii) instability
i) good stability, ii) rigidity
i) good mobility, ii) rigidity
i) poor mobility, ii) good stability

Answer 25

i) good mobility, ii) instability

Question 26

With aging:

a. the number of muscle fibres stays the same
b. all of the other answers are TRUE
c. muscles have greater fat infiltration
d. muscles typically get smaller by about 0.1% per year
e. muscles atrophy but are higher quality

Answer 26

c. muscles have greater fat infiltration

Question 27

Which of the following are typical characteristics of expert motor performers?

i) They can produce smooth and accurate movements without apparent effort.
ii) They always think logically though the available options to make the best movement decision.
iii) They are more accurate in their movements but at the cost of slightly longer response times.

Answer 27

i

Question 28

An important consideration when choosing measurements to estimate motor learning is that:

i) The measure should be sensitive enough to detect performance changes of the size expected with practice.
ii) The measure should ideally reflect movement capability rather than an outcome that can be influenced by external factors.
iii) The measure should ideally be taken during practice as well as during a retention test.

Answer 28

i , ii, and iii

Question 29

Reasons for inter-individual differences in hip angle changes can include:

a. sex
b. disease
c. all of the other answers are TRUE
d. genetics
e. loading patterns

Answer 29

c. all of the other answers are TRUE

Question 30

The two main roles of articular cartilage are:

a. transmit force and distribute pressure
b. mechanical stability and distribute pressure
c. lubrication and distribute pressure
d. lubrication and transmit force
e. all of the other answers are true

Answer 30

c. lubrication and distribute pressure

Question 31

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a. Creatine supplementation can, in some athletes, increase the resting levels of creatine phosphate
b. Cells without mitochondria can use fat as a fuel
c. Following a sprint, complete creatine phosphate resynthesis takes around 30s
d. The aerobic (oxidative) energy system only operates once the creatine phosphate and glycolytic systems have stopped producing energy

Answer 31

a. Creatine supplementation can, in some athletes, increase the resting levels of creatine phosphate

Question 32

Considering muscle components from micro- to macro-scopic level, the correct order is:

a. myofibrils, fibres, fascicles, muscle belly
b. fibres, fascicles, muscle belly, myofibrils
c. fascicles, fibres, myofibrils muscle belly
d. muscle belly, fascicles, fibres, myofibrils
e. None of the other answers are TRUE

Answer 32

a. myofibrils, fibres, fascicles, muscle belly

Question 33

Which of the following is true?

a. Ergogenic aids are not recommended for children
b. The only ergogenic aids recommended for children are creatine and beta alanine
c. Children need to avoid exercise in the heat (because they don’t sweat as much as adults)
d. Children can’t improve their sprint performance because they have a low capacity for anaerobic metabolism

Answer 33

a. Ergogenic aids are not recommended for children

Question 34

Visual illusions tell us that….

a. The small percentage of our brains that processes visual information is not sufficient for accurate perception
b. Vision is not as good as the other senses for providing information about what type of movement we should make
c. Sensory information is incomplete and needs to be processed based on past experience and context to provide an internal representation of the world
d. Vision rarely provides accurate information for movement control

Answer 34

c. Sensory information is incomplete and needs to be processed based on past experience and context to provide an internal representation of the world

Question 35

Which of the following provides good evidence that motor learning has occurred?

a. A person who has practiced consistently for years produces their best ever performance in a game after a long slump
b. None of the other answers are TRUE
c. A child becomes able to walk alone after a period of hand-assisted walking

d . A person improves the execution of a movement over the course of a practice session

e. After practicing a movement over a period of weeks, a person can perform a second task more effectively at the same time as the practiced movement

Answer 35

e. After practicing a movement over a period of weeks, a person can perform a second task more effectively at the same time as the practiced movement

Question 36

True or False

The cerebral cortex evolved to allow humans better ability to produce fast and accurate body movements that are needed habitually?

Answer 36

False

Question 37

Key features of the information processing model of motor control include:

i) a parallel system of information flow.
ii) a strict serial progression from deciding to perceiving to acting.
iii) an analogy between computer systems and human physiology.

Answer 37

iii

Question 38

Strength:

a. is greater in males than females in relative terms for the lower body
b. declines later with strength training than without strength training
c. is similar in males and females in relative terms for the upper body
d. typically declines with age from about 30 years of age
e. cannot be increased in older people even with strength training

Answer 38

b. declines later with strength training than without strength training

Question 39

Which of the following statements is false?
Selected Answer:
Correct

a. VO2max, when expressed relative to body mass, does not differ between boys and girls following puberty
b. Testosterone is largely responsible for the increase in muscle mass that occurs with boys during puberty
c. Muscle strength, following puberty, is greater in boys than girls
d. Fat mass (as a % of total body mass), following puberty, is generally higher in girls than in boys

Answer 39

a. VO2max, when expressed relative to body mass, does not differ between boys and girls following puberty

Question 40

Regarding bone mass increases:

a. high loads always lead to bone mass increases
b. non-weight bearing activity can effectively increase bone mass
c. moderate loading will increase bone mass for regularly active people
d. all of the other answers are TRUE
e. most bone is laid down during the period from adolescence until about 20-25 years of age

Answer 40

e. most bone is laid down during the period from adolescence until about 20-25 years of age

Question 41

Which of the following statements are TRUE about the vestibular apparatus? (multiple)

1 They are important for giving us information about the orientation of our head in space.
2 They only detect information about rotation of our head in the horizontal plane.
3 They are critical for balance and posture.
4 They only provide information about linear accelerations (not rotations).

Answer 41

i and iii

Question 42

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a. VO2max is a particularly important measure for sprinters
b. The anaerobic threshold will be a better predictor of endurance performance than VO2max in a group of highly trained endurance athletes
c. Athletes with the highest recorded levels of VO2max are middle-distance runners
d. VO2max is a very good predictor of endurance performance in a group of highly trained endurance athletes

Answer 42

b. The anaerobic threshold will be a better predictor of endurance performance than VO2max in a group of highly trained endurance athletes

Question 43

A person who can perform all the skills of a sport with good accuracy during practice, but often makes skill errors when there are competing demands for attention during games, would be in the…..

a. None of the other answers are TRUE
b. Autonomous phase of skill acquisition
c. Associative phase of skill acquisition
d. Verbal-cognitive phase of skill acquisition
e. Intermediate phase of skill acquisition

Answer 43

c. Associative phase of skill acquisition

Question 44

If a person can put their palms flat on the floor while standing with legs straight:

athey will likely have excessive wrist extension range of motion

b. they will likely be able to hyperextend at the knee
c. All of the other answers are TRUE
d. they will likely have short hamstring muscles

e it is difficult to predict what their range of motion will be at other joints in the body

Answer 44

e it is difficult to predict what their range of motion will be at other joints in the body

Question 45

Arrange the list of structures from those that have the greatest to least contribution to limiting joint range of motion

a. muscle and fascia, tendons, capsule and ligament, skin
b. tendons, muscle and fascia, capsule and ligament, skin
c. skin, muscle and fascia, tendons, capsule and ligament
d. capsule and ligament, muscle and fascia, tendons, skin
e. muscle and fascia, capsule and ligament, tendons, skin

Answer 45

d. capsule and ligament, muscle and fascia, tendons, skin

Question 46

The nerves in our arms and legs that we can palpate (feel) actually contain …..

a. Dendrites of both afferent and efferent neurons
b. Dentrites of afferent neurons only
c. Axons of both afferent and efferent neurons
d. Axons of efferent neurons only
e. Axons of afferent neurons only

Answer 46

c. Axons of both afferent and efferent neurons

Question 47

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Well trained endurance athletes have a low resting HR because of a high stroke volume
b. Maximal heart rate will fall with age, irrespective of activity levels
c. A lifetime of exercise can prevent a fall in maximal heart rate with age
d. Cross country skiers are known to have some of the highest values of VO2max recorded

Answer 47

c. A lifetime of exercise can prevent a fall in maximal heart rate with age

Question 48

Considering the human body as a closed loop control system, which of the following anatomical structures plays the role of the controller?

a. The muscles
b. The eyes
c. The CNS
d. The skin

Answer 48

c. The CNS

Question 49

Which of the following are more on the reflex side of the reflex-voluntary movement continuum?

NB multiple answers are possible.

a. Hitting a tennis serve
b. Putting your hand out to support your body when you slip on ice
c. Flicking your eyes to look at an object that suddenly appears in your visual field
d. Playing a cover drive shot in cricket

Answer 49

b. Putting your hand out to support your body when you slip on ice
c. Flicking your eyes to look at an object that suddenly appears in your visual field

Question 50

Which of the following are ESSENTIAL features of synovial joints?

a. Synovial membrane, cartilaginous disk, ligaments
b. Cartilaginous disk, ligaments, potential cavity
c. Articular cartilage, potential cavity, fibrous capsule
d. Potential cavity, ligaments, synovial membrane
e. Fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, ligaments

Answer 50

c. Articular cartilage, potential cavity, fibrous capsule

Question 51

The taller average final height and muscle mass in males compared to females is an example of:The taller average final height and muscle mass in males compared to females is an example of:

Answer 51

Sexual dimorphism

Question 52

The two main roles of articular cartilage are:

Answer 52

lubrication and distribute pressure

Question 53

Rank these in order of weakest to strongest:

cross-sectional studies, case reports, cohort studies

Answer 53

case reports, cross-sectional studies, cohort studies

Question 54

Some positive features of questionnaires for measuring physical activity include that i) ………… and negative features include that ………….

Answer 54

“i) they can provide some information about all aspects of FITTD, ii) it can be very difficult to remember all physical activity details”

Question 55

The proportion of Australian children meeting national PA guidelines, relative to other countries, is

Answer 55

Difficult to establish definitively from the data available (due to sub-optimal survey characteristics)

Better in organised sport than in active transport

Probably lower than would be the case if Australian children were more proficient in fundamental movement skills

Question 56

According to Kohlberg, the reasoning applied to moral decisions:

Answer 56

is more highly developed if it relates to the interpersonal relationships than to personal rewards

is more highly developed if it relates to societal or personal principles than personal rewards

is more important than the decision itself in revealing the stage of moral development

is more highly developed if it relates to societal or personal principles than interpersonal relationships

Question 57

is more highly developed if it relates to the interpersonal relationships than to personal rewards

is more highly developed if it relates to societal or personal principles than personal rewards

is more important than the decision itself in revealing the stage of moral development

is more highly developed if it relates to societal or personal principles than interpersonal relationships

Answer 57

The extent to which young children can see the perspective of others.

The age at which children typically develop a sense of object permanence.

The idea that children always progress through his four stages in a serial order (rather than jumping around between stages).

Question 58

Which of the following phrases correctly describe attributions:

They are always incorrect.
They are explanations for the behaviour of others.
They are interpretations about the reasons for others’ circumstances.

Answer 58

2 and 3

Question 59

What is strength a function of?

Answer 59

Area

Question 60

What is weight a function of?

Answer 60

Volume

Question 61

Threshold counts for Actigraph?

Answer 61

Threshold values for accelerometer counts (counts.minute−1) were <100 for sedentary behaviour and ≤2240, ≤3840 and ≥3841 for light, moderate and vigorous physical activity respectively.