Additional Notes Preperation Flashcards
1
Q
What detects the magnitude and rate of stretch in a stretch reflex?
A
The muscle spindle
2
Q
Two extreme types of movement
A
Voluntary control and reflexes
3
Q
Where is the motor cortex in the brain?
A
The motor homunculus
4
Q
What happens to otolith organs when the head tilts back?
A
The firing rate increases as hair becomes deflected via gravity
5
Q
What happens to otolith organs when the head tilts forward?
A
The firing rate increases as hair becomes deflected via gravity
6
Q
What happens to otolith organs when the head tilts slightly forward?
A
Afferent axons first at the resting heart rate as gravity acts perpendicular
7
Q
Three stages of information processing?
A
Perceiving Deciding and Acting
8
Q
What is the perceiving stage of information processing?
A
Obtaining relevant information about the task
9
Q
What is the deciding stage of information processing?
A
Choosing a response from a range of alternatives
10
Q
What is the acting stage of information processing?
A
Organizing and executing the selected response
11
Q
Two types of reaction time?
A
Choice and simple
12
Q
Three stages of motor skill acquisition?
A
(verbal) cognitive phase Associative phase Autonomous phase
13
Q
Two main motor development principles?
A
Cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles
14
Q
Three age brackets of Assessing Fundamental Movement Skills?
A
3-7 7-11 11-17
15
Q
Three skills for Assessing Fundamental Movement Skills?
A
Manual dexterity Aiming and catching Balance
16
Q
When is the visual system developed?
A
Physically at birth 5-10 years for stationary 6-20 years for moving objects
17
Q
When does visual acuity improve?
A
During childhood
18
Q
What develops first; central vision or peripheral?
A
Peripheral
19
Q
When does somatosensory/vestibular system develop?
A
At birth
20
Q
At what age does the somatosensory/vestibular system become precise?
A
at 8 years of age
21
Q
At what age are primitive reflexes present?
A
3-4 months
22
Q
Two main primitive reflexes?
A
Sucking and moro relfex
23
Q
When are postural reflexes present?
A
2-12 months of age
24
Q
When are locomotor reflexes present?
A
4-5 months
25
What percentage of vestibular receptors are lost by age y?
40% lost by age 70
26
Why would a 2 year old with poor motor control not have its vision blamed for this situation?
Because vision is already developed, the neurological pathways are not
27
When a person ages and loses nerves and movement, what is the order?
Last in, first out
28
Four roles of the cardiovascular system?
Delivery of O2 Removal of CO2 and H2O Delivery of hormones Heat distribution
29
What is the efficiency of heat distribution in the cardiovascular system?
25%
30
Define VO2 max
The maximal rate at which oxygen can be taken up, delivered and used by the tissues
31
What is VO2 max also known as?
Maxiimal aerobic power Maximal oxygen consumption VO2 peak
32
What is VO2max measured in?
L.min^-1 or ml / (Kg \* min)
33
What two factors are VO2 max dependent on?
Central and peripheral factors
34
What is Fick principle
VO2 = CO x (arterial - venous) O2 diff
35
Measurement for cardiac output?
Q = HR x SV
36
Average heart rate?
60-80
37
Range of resting heart rate usually
28-100
38
Aside from fitness, what two factors affect resting heart rate?
temperature and altitude
39
Maximal heart rate equation?
HRmax = 208 - (0.7 x age)
40
Cardiac resting volume?
5L
41
When exercises intensity exceeds 40% to 60% of max, what are further increases in Q a result from?
More of an increase in HR than SV
42
What is the anaerobic threshold?
How much one can use before lactate accumulates and induces early fatigue
43
What age do girls reach final height?
16.5 years
44
What age do boys reach final height?
17.5 years
45
What is anaerobic power?
maximal rate at which energy can be produced or work can be done without relying on any significant contribution of aerobic energy production
46
Kids have a higher anaerobic capacacity; true of false?
True
47
What hormone and capacity do children have less than adults?
Lower glycolytic capacity and lower PFK
48
What is glycolyctic capacity?
lower blood lactate
49
How often shopud lkids resistance train?
2 times a week
50
What percentage of imrpovement in strenght would kids get in resistance training?
13-30%
51
How long is needed to elicit improvements in resistance training in kids vs adults?
10-20 weeks in children and as little as six weeks in adults
52
reps for lower vs upper body in kids?
upper body 8-12 lower body 15-20
53
Compressive strength of bone?
170 mpa
54
Tensile strength of bone?
100-120mpa
55
Shear stress of bone?
50mpa
56
What is a fracture to the distal end of the radius?
colles fracture
57
Why do kids have a temporary period of relative skeletal weakness?
Dissociation between timing of peak linear growth and peak bone mineral acquisition
58
mineral content of middle ages adults vs children?
61% kids vs 66% adults
59
What grows more? femur or tibia?
femur (55%) vs tibia (45%)
60
Ratio of length at knee end of long bone vs hip/ankle?
67% at knee ends of femur and tibia
61
Angle of incliation at hip in young and adult?
140-150 in kids, 120 in adults
62
bone loss per month in space?
1%
63
bone loss in elderly?
1-1.5% per year
64
Bone lost in postmenopausal women?
2-3% per year
65
What percentage of height is femur?
25%
66
bones in apendicular skeleton?
126
67
Bones in children?
270
68
Bones in axial skeleton?
80
69
What percentage of bone is cortical (compact) vs cancellous (trabecular)
80% compact, 20% trabecular
70
Three types of bone?
Osteoblast Osteoclases Osteocytes
71
What are osteoblasts?
bone forming
72
What are osteoclasts?
Bone resorbing
73
What are osteocytes?
Mature bone cells and connects to two other bone cells
74
What is endochondral ossificaiton?
Growth in length of long bones
75
What is appositional ossification?
Growth of width of long bones
76
What is the prime mover?
agonist
77
What is the synergist?
Assistant mover
78
What is the stabiliser?
fixator
79
What gene stops muscle growing too much?
Myostatin
80
How does myostatin work?
Inhibiting muscle differentiation and inhibiting akt-induced protein synthesis
81
Structural heiracrhy of muscles?
muscle belly - fascicles - fibres - microfibrils
82
What are myofibrils composed of?
Myofilaments
83
What are myofilaments composed of?
myosin (thick) and actin (thin)
84
What cells help keep a muscle structure?
Sarcomeres
85
motor unit functional heirachy?
from smallest to largest (slow twitch first)
86
Where do muscles primary grow in length?
at muscle tendon junction
87
How many muscles in skeletal muscle system?
650
88
How many muscles in hands and ginfers?
17 in palm of hand, 18 in forearm
89
What are four types of fibre orientations? How do you differentiate them?
Pennate and non-pennate uni, bi, parallel and fusiform
90
What is the prime mover in a biceps curl?
Brachiallis
91
limiting factors in joints range of motion
Capsule and ligaments (47%) fascia (41%) Tendons (10%) skin (2%)
92
How many points on a beighton flexibility scale?
9
93
How many points on Beighton's do you need to be hypermobile?
4
94
What does the biceps brachii do?
agonist
95
Four major components of a synovial joint?
Potential cavity articular carticlage fibrous capsule synovial membrane
96
How many articulating vetebrae in human vertebral column?
24
97
Primary curves of spine?
kyphosis, thoracic and sacral
98
secondary curves of spine?
lordosis and cervical
99
How much does "y" region of spine increase by age 5?
lumbar by 3x
100
How much does "y" region of spine increase from 5-13?
lumbar by another 50%
101
How much does inter-vertebral discs grow between 20-70?
10%
102
Percentage of articular cartilage that is water?
70-80%
103
What is the scaffold for articular cartilage?
90% type 2 collagen scaffold
104
percentage of tendon that is water and collagen?
30% collagen 70% water
105
What is power?
force x velocity
106
What is anthropometry?
Science of measurement of size, composition and proportion of human body
107
What is kinanthropometry?
Scientific specialization with application to movement
108
Height and weight growth charts for children birth - 5 years?
W.H.O
109
Height and weight growth charts for children birth - 30 months and 2-20 years?
C.D.C
110
NHMRC current recommendations for 0-24 months?
W.H.O
111
NHMRC current recommendations for 2-19 years?
C.D.C
112
How much has life expectancy increased since 1900?
by 25-30 years
113
Percentage of children overweight or obese?
26% 7% obese
114
Percentage of adults overweight or obese?
64% 30% obese
115
What distance (cm and %) has jumping distance decreased by since 1985?
16.4cm and 11.2%
116
What are cross sectional studies?
Single measurements Number of cohorts measure at same time or time period
117
What are longitudinal studies?
Repeated measures on same cohort at different ages, over a specific time period
118
At what ages do peak velocity curves start to rise?
10.9 years
119
Peak age velocity for boys?
14.3 years
120
Peak age velocity for girls?
12 tears
121
What cm per year do girls grow at pkv?
10cm
122
What cm per year do boys grow at pkv?
12cm
123
What grams is peak bmc accrual?
507g
124
Over two years, how much bmc accrumulation is there at the peak?
896g
125
Age of beak bone accrual?
14.7 years
126
Order of rate of growth for bones?
Body length, legs, spine
127
How many bones in hands and wrists?
27
128
Two main techniques to determine skeletal age?
Tanner Whitehouse method and Greulich - Pyle
129
What is the Tanner Whitehouse method?
Manually describes radius and ulna
130
What is the Greulich - Pyle method?
Uses an atlas for comparison Lacks sensitivity
131
Order of peaks in females (4)
PHV Peak lean mass Peak BMC Menarche
132
Order of peaks in boys (4)
PHV Peak lean mass Peak BMC Peak strength velocity
133
Where is human growth hormone found?
Pituitary gland
134
What is the quiescent period of growth?
(height ≈ 5-6cm/y; weight ≈2.5 kg/y)in both sexes until the onset of puberty
135
When is the quiescent period of growth?
After the second post-natal year
136
How many more years of pre-adolescent growth do boys have than girls? how many more cm?
5cm year for two years
137
When do boys and girls stop growing?
boys = 18 girls = 16
138
Crude prediction of weight and weight?
MALES / Boys•2 x heightat age 2 years= adult height •5 x weightat age 2 years= adult weight• FEMALES / Girls•2 X heightat age 18 months= adult height•5 X weightat age 18 months= adult weight
139
When do small structual differences between boys and girls stop?
At adolescent growth spurt
140
Differential timing for neural, lymphoid, genital and general. At what ages does it peak?
141
When does peak strength and menarche follow PHV?
12 months klater
142
PHV for males and females pic
143
What is the period of relative skeletal fragility
Between PHV and BMC (8-10 months)
144
What is the most common fracture for kids?
Distal radius fracture (greenstick)
145
What is the order of growth rule for kids?
Cephalo-caudal
146
segmental changes in proportion with growth from birth to maturity?
From Birth to Maturity
Head increases 2 times
Trunk increases 3 times
Arms increase 4 times
Legs increase 5 times
147
Changes in centre of gravity for humans?
The infant's COG is at the 12th horacic level
The adult is at the 5th lumbar level
148
Where is the COG higher for?
Men than women
Black people than white people
149
Unequal growth rates of different parts of the body is an example of
allometry
