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BIOL1900 > Additional Notes Preperation > Flashcards

Additional Notes Preperation Flashcards

1
Q

What detects the magnitude and rate of stretch in a stretch reflex?

A

The muscle spindle

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2
Q

Two extreme types of movement

A

Voluntary control and reflexes

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3
Q

Where is the motor cortex in the brain?

A

The motor homunculus

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4
Q

What happens to otolith organs when the head tilts back?

A

The firing rate increases as hair becomes deflected via gravity

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5
Q

What happens to otolith organs when the head tilts forward?

A

The firing rate increases as hair becomes deflected via gravity

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6
Q

What happens to otolith organs when the head tilts slightly forward?

A

Afferent axons first at the resting heart rate as gravity acts perpendicular

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7
Q

Three stages of information processing?

A

Perceiving Deciding and Acting

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8
Q

What is the perceiving stage of information processing?

A

Obtaining relevant information about the task

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9
Q

What is the deciding stage of information processing?

A

Choosing a response from a range of alternatives

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10
Q

What is the acting stage of information processing?

A

Organizing and executing the selected response

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11
Q

Two types of reaction time?

A

Choice and simple

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12
Q

Three stages of motor skill acquisition?

A

(verbal) cognitive phase Associative phase Autonomous phase

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13
Q

Two main motor development principles?

A

Cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles

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14
Q

Three age brackets of Assessing Fundamental Movement Skills?

A

3-7 7-11 11-17

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15
Q

Three skills for Assessing Fundamental Movement Skills?

A

Manual dexterity Aiming and catching Balance

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16
Q

When is the visual system developed?

A

Physically at birth 5-10 years for stationary 6-20 years for moving objects

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17
Q

When does visual acuity improve?

A

During childhood

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18
Q

What develops first; central vision or peripheral?

A

Peripheral

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19
Q

When does somatosensory/vestibular system develop?

A

At birth

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20
Q

At what age does the somatosensory/vestibular system become precise?

A

at 8 years of age

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21
Q

At what age are primitive reflexes present?

A

3-4 months

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22
Q

Two main primitive reflexes?

A

Sucking and moro relfex

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23
Q

When are postural reflexes present?

A

2-12 months of age

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24
Q

When are locomotor reflexes present?

A

4-5 months

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25
Q

What percentage of vestibular receptors are lost by age y?

A

40% lost by age 70

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26
Q

Why would a 2 year old with poor motor control not have its vision blamed for this situation?

A

Because vision is already developed, the neurological pathways are not

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27
Q

When a person ages and loses nerves and movement, what is the order?

A

Last in, first out

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28
Q

Four roles of the cardiovascular system?

A

Delivery of O2 Removal of CO2 and H2O Delivery of hormones Heat distribution

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29
Q

What is the efficiency of heat distribution in the cardiovascular system?

A

25%

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30
Q

Define VO2 max

A

The maximal rate at which oxygen can be taken up, delivered and used by the tissues

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31
Q

What is VO2 max also known as?

A

Maxiimal aerobic power Maximal oxygen consumption VO2 peak

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32
Q

What is VO2max measured in?

A

L.min^-1 or ml / (Kg * min)

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33
Q

What two factors are VO2 max dependent on?

A

Central and peripheral factors

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34
Q

What is Fick principle

A

VO2 = CO x (arterial - venous) O2 diff

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35
Q

Measurement for cardiac output?

A

Q = HR x SV

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36
Q

Average heart rate?

A

60-80

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37
Q

Range of resting heart rate usually

A

28-100

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38
Q

Aside from fitness, what two factors affect resting heart rate?

A

temperature and altitude

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39
Q

Maximal heart rate equation?

A

HRmax = 208 - (0.7 x age)

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40
Q

Cardiac resting volume?

A

5L

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41
Q

When exercises intensity exceeds 40% to 60% of max, what are further increases in Q a result from?

A

More of an increase in HR than SV

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42
Q

What is the anaerobic threshold?

A

How much one can use before lactate accumulates and induces early fatigue

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43
Q

What age do girls reach final height?

A

16.5 years

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44
Q

What age do boys reach final height?

A

17.5 years

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45
Q

What is anaerobic power?

A

maximal rate at which energy can be produced or work can be done without relying on any significant contribution of aerobic energy production

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46
Q

Kids have a higher anaerobic capacacity; true of false?

A

True

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47
Q

What hormone and capacity do children have less than adults?

A

Lower glycolytic capacity and lower PFK

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48
Q

What is glycolyctic capacity?

A

lower blood lactate

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49
Q

How often shopud lkids resistance train?

A

2 times a week

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50
Q

What percentage of imrpovement in strenght would kids get in resistance training?

A

13-30%

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51
Q

How long is needed to elicit improvements in resistance training in kids vs adults?

A

10-20 weeks in children and as little as six weeks in adults

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52
Q

reps for lower vs upper body in kids?

A

upper body 8-12 lower body 15-20

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53
Q

Compressive strength of bone?

A

170 mpa

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54
Q

Tensile strength of bone?

A

100-120mpa

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55
Q

Shear stress of bone?

A

50mpa

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56
Q

What is a fracture to the distal end of the radius?

A

colles fracture

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57
Q

Why do kids have a temporary period of relative skeletal weakness?

A

Dissociation between timing of peak linear growth and peak bone mineral acquisition

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58
Q

mineral content of middle ages adults vs children?

A

61% kids vs 66% adults

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59
Q

What grows more? femur or tibia?

A

femur (55%) vs tibia (45%)

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60
Q

Ratio of length at knee end of long bone vs hip/ankle?

A

67% at knee ends of femur and tibia

61
Q

Angle of incliation at hip in young and adult?

A

140-150 in kids, 120 in adults

62
Q

bone loss per month in space?

A

1%

63
Q

bone loss in elderly?

A

1-1.5% per year

64
Q

Bone lost in postmenopausal women?

A

2-3% per year

65
Q

What percentage of height is femur?

A

25%

66
Q

bones in apendicular skeleton?

A

126

67
Q

Bones in children?

A

270

68
Q

Bones in axial skeleton?

A

80

69
Q

What percentage of bone is cortical (compact) vs cancellous (trabecular)

A

80% compact, 20% trabecular

70
Q

Three types of bone?

A

Osteoblast Osteoclases Osteocytes

71
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

bone forming

72
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Bone resorbing

73
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells and connects to two other bone cells

74
Q

What is endochondral ossificaiton?

A

Growth in length of long bones

75
Q

What is appositional ossification?

A

Growth of width of long bones

76
Q

What is the prime mover?

A

agonist

77
Q

What is the synergist?

A

Assistant mover

78
Q

What is the stabiliser?

A

fixator

79
Q

What gene stops muscle growing too much?

A

Myostatin

80
Q

How does myostatin work?

A

Inhibiting muscle differentiation and inhibiting akt-induced protein synthesis

81
Q

Structural heiracrhy of muscles?

A

muscle belly - fascicles - fibres - microfibrils

82
Q

What are myofibrils composed of?

A

Myofilaments

83
Q

What are myofilaments composed of?

A

myosin (thick) and actin (thin)

84
Q

What cells help keep a muscle structure?

A

Sarcomeres

85
Q

motor unit functional heirachy?

A

from smallest to largest (slow twitch first)

86
Q

Where do muscles primary grow in length?

A

at muscle tendon junction

87
Q

How many muscles in skeletal muscle system?

A

650

88
Q

How many muscles in hands and ginfers?

A

17 in palm of hand, 18 in forearm

89
Q

What are four types of fibre orientations? How do you differentiate them?

A

Pennate and non-pennate uni, bi, parallel and fusiform

90
Q

What is the prime mover in a biceps curl?

A

Brachiallis

91
Q

limiting factors in joints range of motion

A

Capsule and ligaments (47%) fascia (41%) Tendons (10%) skin (2%)

92
Q

How many points on a beighton flexibility scale?

A

9

93
Q

How many points on Beighton’s do you need to be hypermobile?

A

4

94
Q

What does the biceps brachii do?

A

agonist

95
Q

Four major components of a synovial joint?

A

Potential cavity articular carticlage fibrous capsule synovial membrane

96
Q

How many articulating vetebrae in human vertebral column?

A

24

97
Q

Primary curves of spine?

A

kyphosis, thoracic and sacral

98
Q

secondary curves of spine?

A

lordosis and cervical

99
Q

How much does “y” region of spine increase by age 5?

A

lumbar by 3x

100
Q

How much does “y” region of spine increase from 5-13?

A

lumbar by another 50%

101
Q

How much does inter-vertebral discs grow between 20-70?

A

10%

102
Q

Percentage of articular cartilage that is water?

A

70-80%

103
Q

What is the scaffold for articular cartilage?

A

90% type 2 collagen scaffold

104
Q

percentage of tendon that is water and collagen?

A

30% collagen 70% water

105
Q

What is power?

A

force x velocity

106
Q

What is anthropometry?

A

Science of measurement of size, composition and proportion of human body

107
Q

What is kinanthropometry?

A

Scientific specialization with application to movement

108
Q

Height and weight growth charts for children birth - 5 years?

A

W.H.O

109
Q

Height and weight growth charts for children birth - 30 months and 2-20 years?

A

C.D.C

110
Q

NHMRC current recommendations for 0-24 months?

A

W.H.O

111
Q

NHMRC current recommendations for 2-19 years?

A

C.D.C

112
Q

How much has life expectancy increased since 1900?

A

by 25-30 years

113
Q

Percentage of children overweight or obese?

A

26% 7% obese

114
Q

Percentage of adults overweight or obese?

A

64% 30% obese

115
Q

What distance (cm and %) has jumping distance decreased by since 1985?

A

16.4cm and 11.2%

116
Q

What are cross sectional studies?

A

Single measurements Number of cohorts measure at same time or time period

117
Q

What are longitudinal studies?

A

Repeated measures on same cohort at different ages, over a specific time period

118
Q

At what ages do peak velocity curves start to rise?

A

10.9 years

119
Q

Peak age velocity for boys?

A

14.3 years

120
Q

Peak age velocity for girls?

A

12 tears

121
Q

What cm per year do girls grow at pkv?

A

10cm

122
Q

What cm per year do boys grow at pkv?

A

12cm

123
Q

What grams is peak bmc accrual?

A

507g

124
Q

Over two years, how much bmc accrumulation is there at the peak?

A

896g

125
Q

Age of beak bone accrual?

A

14.7 years

126
Q

Order of rate of growth for bones?

A

Body length, legs, spine

127
Q

How many bones in hands and wrists?

A

27

128
Q

Two main techniques to determine skeletal age?

A

Tanner Whitehouse method and Greulich - Pyle

129
Q

What is the Tanner Whitehouse method?

A

Manually describes radius and ulna

130
Q

What is the Greulich - Pyle method?

A

Uses an atlas for comparison Lacks sensitivity

131
Q

Order of peaks in females (4)

A

PHV Peak lean mass Peak BMC Menarche

132
Q

Order of peaks in boys (4)

A

PHV Peak lean mass Peak BMC Peak strength velocity

133
Q

Where is human growth hormone found?

A

Pituitary gland

134
Q

What is the quiescent period of growth?

A

(height ≈ 5-6cm/y; weight ≈2.5 kg/y)in both sexes until the onset of puberty

135
Q

When is the quiescent period of growth?

A

After the second post-natal year

136
Q

How many more years of pre-adolescent growth do boys have than girls? how many more cm?

A

5cm year for two years

137
Q

When do boys and girls stop growing?

A

boys = 18 girls = 16

138
Q

Crude prediction of weight and weight?

A

MALES / Boys•2 x heightat age 2 years= adult height •5 x weightat age 2 years= adult weight• FEMALES / Girls•2 X heightat age 18 months= adult height•5 X weightat age 18 months= adult weight

139
Q

When do small structual differences between boys and girls stop?

A

At adolescent growth spurt

140
Q

Differential timing for neural, lymphoid, genital and general. At what ages does it peak?

A
141
Q

When does peak strength and menarche follow PHV?

A

12 months klater

142
Q

PHV for males and females pic

A
143
Q

What is the period of relative skeletal fragility

A

Between PHV and BMC (8-10 months)

144
Q

What is the most common fracture for kids?

A

Distal radius fracture (greenstick)

145
Q

What is the order of growth rule for kids?

A

Cephalo-caudal

146
Q

segmental changes in proportion with growth from birth to maturity?

A

From Birth to Maturity

Head increases 2 times

Trunk increases 3 times

Arms increase 4 times

Legs increase 5 times

147
Q

Changes in centre of gravity for humans?

A

The infant’s COG is at the 12th horacic level

The adult is at the 5th lumbar level

148
Q

Where is the COG higher for?

A

Men than women

Black people than white people

149
Q

Unequal growth rates of different parts of the body is an example of

A

allometry

BIOL1900 (10 decks)

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