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BIOL1900 > Exercise Physiology > Flashcards

Exercise Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is exercise physiology?

A

It is concerned with the physiological adaptions that the body makes when faced with the stress of exercise

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2
Q

When does fatigue set in?

A

When the rate of energy demand exceeds the rate of energy production in skeletal muscle

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3
Q

How widely can metabolism rate vary?

A

From rest to maximal exercise, the rate can increase by up to 50 times

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4
Q

ATP stands for:

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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5
Q

What is ATP split into?

A

ADP and P (Adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate)

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6
Q

Three systems that resynthesis ATP?

A

immediate energy: Phosphagen system

anaerobic: Glycolytic and Lactic acid system
aerobic: OXidative respiration

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7
Q

What is the slow uptake of oxygen at the end of an exercise called?

A

Excess postexercise oxygen consumptuon (EPOC)

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8
Q

What was EPOC once called?

A

Oxygen debt

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9
Q

What is aerobic power?

A

The greater the oxygen consumed at maximal levels of aerobic exertion, the higher the capacity for ATP regeneration via oxidation respiration. Thus, VO2 max gives an indication of endurance-exercise capacity, or the ability to continue exercising for a long time.

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10
Q

What is the end point of a VO2 MAX test called?

A

Volitional exhaustion

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11
Q

At rest, how much oxygen does rest tissue extract from the blood? How about at maximal exercise

A

25%, and between 75-85% for exercise

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12
Q

What percentage of blood goes to skeletal muscle? Where does the rest go

A

20%, rest goes to brain and internal organs (viscera)

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13
Q

What happens to distribution of blood flow during sub-maximal exercise?

A

Blood flow to viscera constricts, muscles and skin arteries dilate, 50-60% of blood flow may be directed towards muscle and 10% to skin.

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14
Q

What happens to distribution of blood flow during maximal exercise?

A

Blood flow to viscera constricts, muscles and skin arteries dilate, 80% of blood flow may be directed towards muscle and 10% to skin.

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15
Q

How fast to type 1 fibres (st) fire?

A

Within 100ms

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16
Q

How fast for type 2 (ft) fibers to fire?

A

within 50ms

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17
Q

What are the three types of fibres?

A

Type 1, or slow oxidative fibres
Type 2a, fast oxidative glycolytic fibres (and glycolytic)
Type 2b, fast glycolytic fibres

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18
Q

Normal distribution of sketal muscle fibres?

A

50% slow twitch, 25% type 2a and 25% type 2b

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19
Q

What are slow twitch fibres best for?

A

Endurance muscles, like soleus or forearms

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20
Q

Muscle recruitment pattern?

A

Smallest to largest, ST -> FTa -> FTb

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21
Q

What percentage of muscular force to FTb muscles endure?

A

up to 70%

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22
Q

Why is peak used for VO2 and not max?

A

Because people rarely achieve plateaued VO2

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23
Q

When do girl’s peak VO2 trail off?

A

Round 14 years old

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24
Q

How much greater are male lungs to female?

A

25% greater

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25
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

A function of respiratory rate and tidal volume

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26
Q

What is a child’s pulmonary ventilation like compared to an adults?

A

Higher ratio of respiratory rate to tidal volume; a child takes more but shallower breaths than an adult. No difference on aerobic fitness

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27
Q

What gender has a higher resting heart rate?

A

Girls

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28
Q

How does peak power between females and males differ?

A

Females increase 270% from 7-16, males 380% over the same period

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29
Q

What gender has more type 1 fibres?

A

Women

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30
Q

What percentage of improvements are shown in children after 20 weeks of resistance training?

A

10 to 40%

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31
Q

How many times a week should a children do resistance training?

A

Twice a week

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32
Q

What is increased strength in children attributable to?

A

Likely the result of increased neural activity, such as increased motor unit activation and changes in muscle recruitment patterns

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33
Q

By 2050 what is the predicted number of people over the age 60 going to be?

A

Two billion

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34
Q

When does aerobic fitness begin to decline?

A

After 20 years of age

35
Q

How much does aerobic fitness decline each year?

A

0.5-1%

36
Q

Why would the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle decline with age?

A

Possibly due to mitochondiral function and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle

37
Q

Why would sedentary people be unlikely to do a VO2 max test?

A

Lack of motivation and unable to exert true maximal effort

38
Q

Name of VO2 bike test?

A

Wingate

39
Q

Summary of cause of fatigue during exercise for brief, high intensity (<1 min)

A

PCr depletion
Moderate to high lactate levels
Disturbance of chemical gradients across cell membrane

40
Q

Summary of cause of fatigue during exercise for longer, high intensity (1-7 mins)

A

PCr depletion
High lactate levels
Disturbance of chemical gradients across the membrane

41
Q

Summary of cause of fatigue during exercise for prolonged, moderate to high intensity (10-40 mins)

A

Moderate lactate accumulation
Partial glycogen depletion
Dehydration
Disturbance of chemical gradients across the cell membrane

42
Q

Summary of cause of fatigue during exercise for very prolonged durations

A 
Glycogen depletion
Dehydration
Increased body temperate
Low blood glucose levels
Disturbance of blood amino acid levels
43
Q

How much of an increase in VO2 max is possible after 6 weeks of exercise?

A

20-40%

44
Q

What is resting oxygen consumption reliant on?

A

Body size

45
Q

What is a slowing of the heart rate?

A

Bradycardia

46
Q

Why can bradycardia happen in fit athletes?

A

They have better stroke volumes; the heart pumps the same amount of blood with less contractions

47
Q

When does the lactate threshold occur?

A

50-65% max VO2 in untrained people, 70-85% in trained

48
Q

When are FTb fibres typically recruited? At what exertion?

A

70% of maximal strength contractions

49
Q

periodisation of training weeks 1-2 and 2-2m?

A

1-2 weeks microcycle

2-2 months macrocycle

50
Q

What is the coenzyme used to turn atp to adp and pi?

A

ATPase

51
Q

What does creatine phosphate bind with?

A

ADP

52
Q

What muscle fibres are red and what are white?

A

Type 1 and 2a are red, Type 2b are white

53
Q

What muscles are high and low in glycolytic enzymes?

A 
Type 1 (low)
Type 2a (medium)
Type 2b (high)
54
Q

What is the pattern of motor unit recruitment?

A

You turn on muscles in a certain order, and turn them off in the reverse order

55
Q

Four functions of circulatory system?

A

Deliverly of O2 and nutrients
Removal of CO2 and H2O
Delivery of hormones
Heat distribution

56
Q

How much energy is absorbed in muscles? How much lost in heat through blood?

A

25% in muscles, 75% lost as heat

57
Q

How much L of blood is there in the adult body?

A

5L

58
Q

Vo2 max is?

A

Maximum amount of oxygen that a person can take up, deliver and use during exercise

59
Q

What factors is VO2 max dependant on?

A

Central and peripheral factors

60
Q

Fick principle?

A

VO2 = Q x (A-V)O2diff

Oxygen uptake = cardiac output x (arterial blood vs venus blood) x difference in oxygen

61
Q

What increases the cardiac output during training?

A

Stroke Volume

62
Q

What muscle is responsible for pumping blood round the body?

A

Left ventricle of the heart

63
Q

What is a better indicator of endurance than VO2?

A

Anaerobic threshold - lactate threshold or ventulatory threshold

64
Q

What do early growth spurtors tend to have in their traits?

A

(boys) More muscular, shorter legs and broader hips

(girls) shorter legs and narrower shoulders

65
Q

What muscles does testosterone mostly have an effect on?

A

Type 2 Fibres

66
Q

What is hyperplascia?

A

An increase in numbers

67
Q

What percentage of height do girls peak at?

A

98% of height by 16.5 years of age

68
Q

What percentage of height do boys peak at?

A

98% of height by 17.5 years of age

69
Q

Why would females have lower rates of heart disease?

A

Attributed to higher levels of oestrogen

70
Q

What hormone is associated with bone strength?

A

Estrogen

71
Q

When is peak bone maximum?

A

20 years of age

72
Q

What proteins are responsible for muscle contraction?

A

Actin and Myosin

73
Q

What is better than L.min^-1?

A

ml.kg.min^-1

74
Q

What is Anaerobic power?

A

Maximal rate at which energy can be produced or work can be done without relying on any significant contribution of aerobic exercise energy production.

75
Q

What hormones do children have lower amounts of in terms of muscle contraction?

A

Glycolytic capacity and PFK

76
Q

Where is PFK used?

A

In glycolytic pathways

77
Q

How do kids mostly derive energy?

A

Through aerobic pathways

78
Q

What factors are most likely to fatigue a child?

A

Less sweat and thermoregulation, so likely to overheat and dehydrate

79
Q

When young athletes exercise using their
upper-body (eg., chest, shoulders, arms etc.)
how many reps should they perform?

A

8-12

80
Q 
When young athletes exercise using their
 lower body (eg. legs), how many reps should they perform?
A

15-20

81
Q

Best way to improve peak bone density?

A

Diet (calcium) and exercise (especially heavy loading)

82
Q

Following a sprint, complete creatine phosphate resynthesis takes how long?

A

Once we have depleted our ATP (through a 1 rep max attempt, for example), it takes at least 3 minutes of rest for muscles to recover the maximum amount possible of ATP and creatine phosphate.

83
Q

The ‘lactate’ or ‘anaerobic’ threshold…

A

Represents the exercise intensity above which exercise cannot be sustained at steady state

BIOL1900 (10 decks)

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