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Exercise Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is exercise physiology?

A

It is concerned with the physiological adaptions that the body makes when faced with the stress of exercise

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2
Q

When does fatigue set in?

A

When the rate of energy demand exceeds the rate of energy production in skeletal muscle

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3
Q

How widely can metabolism rate vary?

A

From rest to maximal exercise, the rate can increase by up to 50 times

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4
Q

ATP stands for:

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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5
Q

What is ATP split into?

A

ADP and P (Adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate)

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6
Q

Three systems that resynthesis ATP?

A

immediate energy: Phosphagen system

anaerobic: Glycolytic and Lactic acid system
aerobic: OXidative respiration

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7
Q

What is the slow uptake of oxygen at the end of an exercise called?

A

Excess postexercise oxygen consumptuon (EPOC)

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8
Q

What was EPOC once called?

A

Oxygen debt

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9
Q

What is aerobic power?

A

The greater the oxygen consumed at maximal levels of aerobic exertion, the higher the capacity for ATP regeneration via oxidation respiration. Thus, VO2 max gives an indication of endurance-exercise capacity, or the ability to continue exercising for a long time.

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10
Q

What is the end point of a VO2 MAX test called?

A

Volitional exhaustion

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11
Q

At rest, how much oxygen does rest tissue extract from the blood? How about at maximal exercise

A

25%, and between 75-85% for exercise

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12
Q

What percentage of blood goes to skeletal muscle? Where does the rest go

A

20%, rest goes to brain and internal organs (viscera)

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13
Q

What happens to distribution of blood flow during sub-maximal exercise?

A

Blood flow to viscera constricts, muscles and skin arteries dilate, 50-60% of blood flow may be directed towards muscle and 10% to skin.

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14
Q

What happens to distribution of blood flow during maximal exercise?

A

Blood flow to viscera constricts, muscles and skin arteries dilate, 80% of blood flow may be directed towards muscle and 10% to skin.

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15
Q

How fast to type 1 fibres (st) fire?

A

Within 100ms

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16
Q

How fast for type 2 (ft) fibers to fire?

A

within 50ms

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17
Q

What are the three types of fibres?

A

Type 1, or slow oxidative fibres
Type 2a, fast oxidative glycolytic fibres (and glycolytic)
Type 2b, fast glycolytic fibres

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18
Q

Normal distribution of sketal muscle fibres?

A

50% slow twitch, 25% type 2a and 25% type 2b

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19
Q

What are slow twitch fibres best for?

A

Endurance muscles, like soleus or forearms

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20
Q

Muscle recruitment pattern?

A

Smallest to largest, ST -> FTa -> FTb

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21
Q

What percentage of muscular force to FTb muscles endure?

A

up to 70%

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22
Q

Why is peak used for VO2 and not max?

A

Because people rarely achieve plateaued VO2

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23
Q

When do girl’s peak VO2 trail off?

A

Round 14 years old

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24
Q

How much greater are male lungs to female?

A

25% greater

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25
What is pulmonary ventilation?
A function of respiratory rate and tidal volume
26
What is a child's pulmonary ventilation like compared to an adults?
Higher ratio of respiratory rate to tidal volume; a child takes more but shallower breaths than an adult. No difference on aerobic fitness
27
What gender has a higher resting heart rate?
Girls
28
How does peak power between females and males differ?
Females increase 270% from 7-16, males 380% over the same period
29
What gender has more type 1 fibres?
Women
30
What percentage of improvements are shown in children after 20 weeks of resistance training?
10 to 40%
31
How many times a week should a children do resistance training?
Twice a week
32
What is increased strength in children attributable to?
Likely the result of increased neural activity, such as increased motor unit activation and changes in muscle recruitment patterns
33
By 2050 what is the predicted number of people over the age 60 going to be?
Two billion
34
When does aerobic fitness begin to decline?
After 20 years of age
35
How much does aerobic fitness decline each year?
0.5-1%
36
Why would the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle decline with age?
Possibly due to mitochondiral function and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle
37
Why would sedentary people be unlikely to do a VO2 max test?
Lack of motivation and unable to exert true maximal effort
38
Name of VO2 bike test?
Wingate
39
Summary of cause of fatigue during exercise for brief, high intensity (<1 min)
PCr depletion Moderate to high lactate levels Disturbance of chemical gradients across cell membrane
40
Summary of cause of fatigue during exercise for longer, high intensity (1-7 mins)
PCr depletion High lactate levels Disturbance of chemical gradients across the membrane
41
Summary of cause of fatigue during exercise for prolonged, moderate to high intensity (10-40 mins)
Moderate lactate accumulation Partial glycogen depletion Dehydration Disturbance of chemical gradients across the cell membrane
42
Summary of cause of fatigue during exercise for very prolonged durations
``` Glycogen depletion Dehydration Increased body temperate Low blood glucose levels Disturbance of blood amino acid levels ```
43
How much of an increase in VO2 max is possible after 6 weeks of exercise?
20-40%
44
What is resting oxygen consumption reliant on?
Body size
45
What is a slowing of the heart rate?
Bradycardia
46
Why can bradycardia happen in fit athletes?
They have better stroke volumes; the heart pumps the same amount of blood with less contractions
47
When does the lactate threshold occur?
50-65% max VO2 in untrained people, 70-85% in trained
48
When are FTb fibres typically recruited? At what exertion?
70% of maximal strength contractions
49
periodisation of training weeks 1-2 and 2-2m?
1-2 weeks microcycle | 2-2 months macrocycle
50
What is the coenzyme used to turn atp to adp and pi?
ATPase
51
What does creatine phosphate bind with?
ADP
52
What muscle fibres are red and what are white?
Type 1 and 2a are red, Type 2b are white
53
What muscles are high and low in glycolytic enzymes?
``` Type 1 (low) Type 2a (medium) Type 2b (high) ```
54
What is the pattern of motor unit recruitment?
You turn on muscles in a certain order, and turn them off in the reverse order
55
Four functions of circulatory system?
Deliverly of O2 and nutrients Removal of CO2 and H2O Delivery of hormones Heat distribution
56
How much energy is absorbed in muscles? How much lost in heat through blood?
25% in muscles, 75% lost as heat
57
How much L of blood is there in the adult body?
5L
58
Vo2 max is?
Maximum amount of oxygen that a person can take up, deliver and use during exercise
59
What factors is VO2 max dependant on?
Central and peripheral factors
60
Fick principle?
VO2 = Q x (A-V)O2diff Oxygen uptake = cardiac output x (arterial blood vs venus blood) x difference in oxygen
61
What increases the cardiac output during training?
Stroke Volume
62
What muscle is responsible for pumping blood round the body?
Left ventricle of the heart
63
What is a better indicator of endurance than VO2?
Anaerobic threshold - lactate threshold or ventulatory threshold
64
What do early growth spurtors tend to have in their traits?
(boys) More muscular, shorter legs and broader hips | (girls) shorter legs and narrower shoulders
65
What muscles does testosterone mostly have an effect on?
Type 2 Fibres
66
What is hyperplascia?
An increase in numbers
67
What percentage of height do girls peak at?
98% of height by 16.5 years of age
68
What percentage of height do boys peak at?
98% of height by 17.5 years of age
69
Why would females have lower rates of heart disease?
Attributed to higher levels of oestrogen
70
What hormone is associated with bone strength?
Estrogen
71
When is peak bone maximum?
20 years of age
72
What proteins are responsible for muscle contraction?
Actin and Myosin
73
What is better than L.min^-1?
ml.kg.min^-1
74
What is Anaerobic power?
Maximal rate at which energy can be produced or work can be done without relying on any significant contribution of aerobic exercise energy production.
75
What hormones do children have lower amounts of in terms of muscle contraction?
Glycolytic capacity and PFK
76
Where is PFK used?
In glycolytic pathways
77
How do kids mostly derive energy?
Through aerobic pathways
78
What factors are most likely to fatigue a child?
Less sweat and thermoregulation, so likely to overheat and dehydrate
79
When young athletes exercise using their upper-body (eg., chest, shoulders, arms etc.) how many reps should they perform?
8-12
80
``` When young athletes exercise using their lower body (eg. legs), how many reps should they perform? ```
15-20
81
Best way to improve peak bone density?
Diet (calcium) and exercise (especially heavy loading)
82
Following a sprint, complete creatine phosphate resynthesis takes how long?
Once we have depleted our ATP (through a 1 rep max attempt, for example), it takes at least 3 minutes of rest for muscles to recover the maximum amount possible of ATP and creatine phosphate.
83
The ‘lactate’ or ‘anaerobic’ threshold...
Represents the exercise intensity above which exercise cannot be sustained at steady state

BIOL1900 (10 decks)

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