Psychology

Question 1

How to separate chronological stages of life?

Answer 1

• Prenatal!
• Infancy (Birth - 2yrs)!
• Early childhood (2 - 5yrs)!
• Middlechildhood (6 - 11yrs)!
• Adolescence(12 - 19yrs)!
• Early adult(20 - 39yrs)!
• Middleadult (40 - 69yrs)!
• Lateadult(65yrs+)!
• Death

Question 2

Two ways to develop?

Answer 2

Continuously or in stages

Question 3

What is continuous development?

Answer 3

Gradual and ongoing changes throughout the life span. Behaviour in the earlier years providing the basis of skills and abilities required for later

Question 4

What is stage development?

Answer 4

Distinct and separate stages. Different kinds of behaviour occurring in each stage

Question 5

Difference between critical and sensitive period?

Answer 5

Critical period is where normal language development occurs when exposed to language (And the ability to learn a language)

Sensitive period is when language development occurs most easily, and second language learning is possible

Question 6

In the Strange Situation Experiment, what does the observer look for infant patterns of?

Answer 6

1. Contact-seeking
2. Exploratory play behaviour
3. Crying

Question 7

Problems with Freud’s Theory

Answer 7

Good history but bad science

Developmental theory, though never involved observations of children

Biased against females

Relies on too many constructs

Question 8

What are Schemas?

Answer 8

Organised patterns of thought and action

Child uses to understand and respond to experience

Question 9

What is assimilation? (schemas)

Answer 9

Fitting new objects, events into an existing schema

Taking in environmental elements

Changing self

Question 10

What is accommodation? (schemas)

Answer 10

Modifying a schema to fit new events, objects

Changing in response to new environmental elements

Changing the world

Question 11

What is object permanence?

Answer 11

The ability children have to know an object still exists when they can’t see it

Question 12

What stage is Piaget mostly criticised for? Why?

Answer 12

Stage 2: pre-operational

Criticised because it is largely about what children cannot do at this stage

Question 13

What stage do children fail the 3 mountain task?

Answer 13

Stage 2

Question 14

When do children succeed the 3 mountain task?

Answer 14

7-8 years of age

Question 15

Problems with Piaget’s theory

Answer 15

Is it a stage theory? Possibly not

Importance of action

Mental representation (mothers criticising, babies look for objects and babies have a cry for mothers)

Egocentrism - (especially 3-4 years) kids simply speech when talking to younger kids

Conservation - make environment more child friendly in experiments

Child experts

Question 16

Piaget’s stages of moral development?

Answer 16

Heteronomous morality: Age 4-8years

Autonomous morality: Age 8years-adult

Question 17

What is Autonomous morality?

Answer 17

Laws relative and socially constructed!

Intention behind acts most important

Question 18

What is Heteronomous morality?

Answer 18

Laws/rules are facts, not negotiable or changeable!

Outcome of acts most important

Question 19

How many stages does Kohlberg have?

Answer 19

6

Question 20

What is psychosocial moratorium?

Answer 20

Coin b erik erikson; the term refers to a process that individuals suspend their responsibility and commitment in search of their new identities

Question 21

What is identity diffusion?

Answer 21

Incoherent, disjointed, incomplete sense of self. Results in excessive self-conciousness, problems in work etc

Occurs from no exploration and no commitment

Question 22

What is identity foreclosure?

Answer 22

A reduced period of exploration and experimentation

Adoption of roles define by parents or authority figures

Occurs from no exploration but commitment

Question 23

Most peer oriented group?

Answer 23

Adolescence

Question 24

Selman’s 5 stages in conceptions of friends?

Answer 24

Stage 0: As momentary physical interaction

Stage 1: As one-way assistance

Stage 2: As fair-weather cooperation

Stage 3: As intimate and mutual sharing

Stage 4: As autonomous interdependence

Question 25

Two main friendship choices in psych?

Answer 25

Opposites attract and birds of a feather flock together

Question 26

What are youth cultures?

Answer 26

Sum of ways of living
Body of norm, values, attitudes and practices
Recognised and shared by members as appropriate

Question 27

Three ways youth share subculture?

Answer 27

Image
Argot (vocab)
Demeanour (expression, gait)

Question 28

Support for youth culture?

Answer 28

Culture trends appear simultaneously

Hippie/rave culture

Question 29

Criticisms of youth culture?

Answer 29

Culture of young people and parents similar

Difference in peeps from different backgrounds

Only small number of people conform

Question 30

How often does a conflick arise in adolescence and parents?

Answer 30

Every three days

Question 31

What is cultural relativism?

Answer 31

Cultural relativism is the idea that a person’s beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another.

Question 32

What is cultural universalism?

Answer 32

Universalism refers to the notion that human rights are universal and should apply to every human being. Cultural Relativists object, and argue that human rights are culturally dependent, and that no moral principles can be made to apply to all cultures.

Question 33

What is dishabituation?

Answer 33

Dishabituation is when we respond to an old stimulus as if it were new again. When we repeatedly see or experience a stimulus, our response to it grows weaker.

Question 34

What is the ability for a kid to understanding the splitting of water is not as much?

Answer 34

Centration