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Biomechanics > Quiz One > Flashcards

Quiz One Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts associated with scalars ?

A

Distance, speed, mass

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2
Q

Is distance a scalar or vector quantity?

A

Scalar

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3
Q

Is mass a scalar or vector quantity ?

A

Scalar

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4
Q

Is acceleration a scalar or vector quantity ?

A

Vector

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5
Q

The action (push or pull) upon a body causing it to deform or move is called what ?

A

Force

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6
Q

What has a large effect on kinetic energy?

A

Changes in velocity

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7
Q

Rate of displacement =

A

Rapid

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8
Q

What type of lever is a stapler, wheelbarrow?

A

Type 2 lever

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9
Q

What is performed when an object is displaced by the application of a force ?

A

Work

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10
Q

The study of FORCES and their effects is the definition of what?

A

Mechanics

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11
Q

Newtons second law of motion is also known as what?

A

Law of force and acceleration

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12
Q

Is displacement a scalar or vector quantity ?

A

Vector

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13
Q

Can work be positive or negative ?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Magnitude and direction is associated with what?

A

Vectors

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15
Q

What is Distance/time ?

A

Speed

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16
Q

The_________ of an object is the force of gravity acting upon that object?

A

Weight

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17
Q

What is the rate at which an object changes its velocity

A

Acceleration

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18
Q

Displacement over time is associated with what?

A

Velocity

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19
Q

Mass in motion is known as what?

A

Momentum

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20
Q

What is the rate at which an object changes its position ?

A

Velocity

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21
Q

Is the amount of matter that is contained by the object mass or wight?

A

Mass

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22
Q

You cannot speak of vectors without discussing_______?

A

Direction

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23
Q

What uses the principles of mechanics for SOLVING PROBLEMS related to structure and function of biologic and physiologic systems ?

A

Biomechanics

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24
Q

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion is what law of emotion?

A

First

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25
Q

What is the most common type of lever in the human body?

A

Type 3

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26
Q

Newtons first law of motion is also known as?

A

Law of inertia

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27
Q

What type of lever is see-saw, or claw hammer?

A

Type 1

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28
Q

What type of lever is a fishing rod, broom, tweezers ?

A

Type 3

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29
Q

Magnitude only is associated with what?

A

Scalars

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30
Q

Newtons third law of motion is also known as?

A

Law of action and reaction

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31
Q

The acceleration of an object depends directly upon the next force acting upon the object, and inversely upon the mass of the object is what law of motion?

A

Second

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32
Q

The ratio of motive force to a given resistive force is called what?

A

Mechanical advantage

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33
Q

What is the study of RELATIONSHIPS between the FORCE system acting on the body and the changes it produces in BODY MOTION ?

A

Kinetics

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34
Q

Amplitude =

A

Short depth

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35
Q

Force is measured in what?

A

Newtons

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36
Q

What kind of friction is when two surfaces are already sliding relative to each other?

A

Kinetic friction

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37
Q

Branch of mechanics that deals with the geometry of the MOTION OF OBJECTS (including (displacement, acceleration, velocity) is the definition of what?

A

Kinematics

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38
Q

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction is what law of motion?

A

Third

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39
Q

What is “how fast an object is moving”?

A

Speed

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40
Q

The intensity of force parallel to the surface on which it acts is called what?

A

Shear stress

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41
Q

How far out of place an object is and its overall change is position is know as what?

A

Displacement

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42
Q

What make up force?

A

Mass* acceleration

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43
Q

Is force a vector or scalar quantity?

A

Vector

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44
Q

The intensity of force perpendicular to the surface on which it acts is called what?

A

Normal stress

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45
Q

How much ground an object covered is know as what?

A

Distance

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46
Q

Kinetic friction is also know as what?

A

Dynamic friction

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47
Q

Is speed or velocity direction aware?

A

Velocity

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48
Q

What are the parts associated with vectors?

A

Displacement, velocity, acceleration, right, momentum, force.

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49
Q

Is momentum a vector or scalar quantity?

A

Vector

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50
Q

Is weight a scalar or vector quantity ?

A

Vector

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51
Q

Cortical bone can tolerate which kind of load better?

A

Longitudinal

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52
Q

It what order can cortical bone withstand greater amounts of stress?

A

Compression>tension> shear

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53
Q

What is it called when bone alters its size, shape, and structure, to meet the mechanical demands placed on it?

A

Wolff’s law

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54
Q

Is cartilage vascular?

A

Essentially no

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55
Q

What it cartilage composed of?

A

Collagen, chondrocytes, and ground substance

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56
Q

Synovial lubrication normally allows cartilage to experience__________ under varied loads?

A

Minimal wear

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57
Q

Which cartilaginous property makes it unlike any man made material?

A

Near frictionless

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58
Q

Which kind of wear is caused by either adhesion or abrasion?

A

Interfacial wear

59
Q

Which kind of wear is caked by either repetition of high loads over a relatively short period or repetition of low loads over an extended period ?

A

Fatigue

60
Q

Does articulate cartilage have a high capacity for repair and regeneration ?

A

No, it is very limited

61
Q

What will play a primary role in tissue degeneration ?

A

An intense stress concentration in the contact area

62
Q

How many intervertebral discs are their?

A

23

63
Q

How are the intervertebral discs named?

A

Based on the segment above

64
Q

What percent of height of the vertebral column is composed of by the intervertebral discs ?

A

20-30%

65
Q

What are the 3 parts of the intervertebral discs ? ***

A

Nucleus purposes, annulus fibrosus, cartilaginous end plates

66
Q

Where is the greatest disc to vertebral body ratio height?

A

Cervical spine

67
Q

Where is the ratio of disc to vertebral to body height ratio the least?

A

Thoracic spine (1:5)

68
Q

What percent water content is the nucleus pulposus?

A

70-90%

69
Q

The nucleus pulposus is what percent water at birth?

A

90%

70
Q

The nucleus pulposus is what percent water at age 20?

A

80%

71
Q

The nucleus pulposus is what percent water at old age?

A

70%

72
Q

Disc cells make ________?

A

The solutes

73
Q

Lumbar nuclei are more _______ than central

A

Posterior

74
Q

Lumbar nuclei fill ______% of the total disc area

A

30-50%

75
Q

The annulus fibrosus is oriented in what direction WITHIN a band?

A

Same

76
Q

The annulus fibrosus is oriented in what direction in any two ADJACENT bands?

A

Opposite

77
Q

What angle are fibers in the annulus fibrosus

A

30%

78
Q

Annular fibers are firmly attached to what?

A

Cartilaginous endplates

79
Q

Peripheral zone fibers are attached to the vertebral body via what?

A

Sharpeys fibers (which are stronger than other attachments)

80
Q

The PLL _____from the cervical to the lumbars until it covers only about 50 % of the lower lumbar discs ?

A

NARROWS

81
Q

The weakest area of the annulus (most likely to be injured) is what part?

A

Posterolateral aspect

82
Q

What direction os the MOST likely for a disc herniation in the lumbar spine?

A

Posterolateral

83
Q

What part of the cartilaginous end plate is fairly impermeable ?

A

Outer

84
Q

Diffusion of the nutrients occurs where?

A

The central portion

85
Q

***The cartilaginous end plate supplies what with most or all of its nutrition ?

A

Nucleus pulposus

86
Q

Do blood vessels go directly to the disc?

A

No

87
Q

Where do annular fibers get their blood supply ?

A

Adjacent soft tissues

88
Q

The nucleus pulposus gets its blood supply from where?

A

Vertebral bodies

89
Q

When a disc is injured it becomes increasingly vascularized and innnevated by what?

A

Sensory nerve fibers

90
Q

An IVD is avascular and aneural ?

A

True

91
Q

Overnight does the disc expand or contract ?

A

Expand

92
Q

Overnight does hydrostatic pressure increase or decrease ?

A

Decrease

93
Q

Overnight does osmotic pressure and fluid volume in the disc increase or decrease?

A

Increases

94
Q

During the daytime in their an increase or decrease in range of motion?

A

Increased (lumbar flexion up to 50%***)

95
Q

Compression of the nucleus pulposus results in tension of what?

A

Annular fibers

96
Q

**flexion results in compression of_______and tension on the______?

A

The anterior disc, posterior disc

97
Q

A disc that has been injured deforms______than a healthy one.

A

MORE

98
Q

Hysteresis decreases when?

A

Successively loaded

99
Q

When a disc is loaded more rapidly it behaves more_____? Causing the IVD to be less effective at absorbing shock? ****

A

Stiffly

100
Q

The nucleus resists what kind of forces?**

A

Compressive

101
Q

Annular fibers resist what kind of forces? **

A

Tensile

102
Q

Traction is what kind of force ?

A

Tensile

103
Q

Gravity and muscle co contraction is what kind of forces?

A

Compressive

104
Q

Axial rotation of the torso, A-P, Left to right are what kind of stress?

A

Shear

105
Q

The disc is more susceptible to failure in the area of the forces of_________?

A

Tension

106
Q

Mechanical failure occurs first where?

A

Cartilaginous endplate

107
Q

What is it called when there is mechanical failure in the cartilaginous endplate ?

A

Nuclear herniation (schmorl’s node)

108
Q

After mechanical failure and there is additional failure to withstand compression forces will result in?

A

Compression fractures

109
Q

Compressive loads in_____are transmittted through the facets, leading to what kind of injuries?

A

Extension, capsular injuries

110
Q

Compressive loads applied with torque around the long axis can lead to what?

A

Circumferential tears in the Annular fibers of the IVD

111
Q

90% of the resistance to torque of a motion segment is provided by what?

A

IVD

112
Q

What provides the majority of the torsional resistance ?

A

Annulus

113
Q

Biomechanical behavior is dependent upon what?

A

The state of degeneration

114
Q

The state of degeneration is dependent upon what?

A

The age of the disc

115
Q

Which type of disc herniation is when the nucleus pulposus begins migrating toward through defects of the inner annulus, stays within the confines of the IVD?

A

Nuclear herniation

116
Q

What type/stage of disc herniation is additional migration outside the confines of the IVD, but no rupture of the other most annular fibers ?

A

Bulge/prolapse

117
Q

What stage/type of disc herniation is when the outer annular fibers tear and contents of the nucleus pulposus move into the epidural space?

A

Extrusion

118
Q

What stage/type of disc herniation is when discal fragments break loose from the IVD and float freely in the CSF?

A

Sequesteration

119
Q

What kind of exercise can help with herniated discs?

A

McKenzie EXTENSION exercises

120
Q

What connects muscle to bone?

A

Tendon

121
Q

What connects bone to bone

A

Ligament

122
Q

Tendons and ligaments and composed of what?

A

Collagen and fibrocytes

123
Q

Tendons joined to the skeletal muscle at the_________?

A

Musclotendinous junction

124
Q

What are the 3 stages of healing soft tissue goes through ?

A

Inflammation, repair, remodeling

125
Q

An overexertion or stress on contractile tissues is called?

A

Strain

126
Q

What grade strain is when only a few fibers are torn and only minor weakness and loss of function, slightly painful, no palpable defect, and decreased range of motion.

A

Grade one

127
Q

In a grade two strain how much of the muscle/tendon is torn?

A

1/4-1/2

128
Q

Which grade strain has moderate to major weakness and loss of function, painful to contract, no palpable defect, decreased range of motion.

A

Grade 2

129
Q

What grade strain is when all fibers are torn, major weakness and loss of function, minor or no pain, may have palpable Defect of caught early, possible increased range of motion?

A

Grade 3

130
Q

Which type of sprain of a ligament or capsule is unstable ?

A

3

131
Q

What two things can produce mechanical deformation ?

A

Trauma and nerve entrapment

132
Q

What are 2 common modes of nerve injury?

A

Stretching and compression

133
Q

What is maximal elongation at the elastic limit?

A

20%

134
Q

In regards to tensile injuries of nerves at what percent does complete structural failure seem to occur?

A

25-30%

135
Q

Tensile injuries are most often a result of what?

A

Accidents

136
Q

At what mm Hg of local compression are functional changes seen?

A

30

137
Q

At what mm Hg of compression is complete cessesation of interneural blood blood and complete ischemia seen?

A

80

138
Q

After 2+ hours of compression can blow flow still be restored?

A

Yes

139
Q

What is the considered the loose pack position in joint capsules ?

A

When the capsule is resting and has its most slack

140
Q

What is the close pack position of joint capsules?

A

Joint surfaces are in the closest approximation and capsule and ligaments are maximally stressed

141
Q

Any joint with a capsule has a______?

A

Capsule pattern

142
Q

What is it called when a joint becomes excessively restricted due to adhesions in the capsule?

A

Adhesive capsulitis

143
Q

What are causes of non capsular patterns?

A

Joint mice, impingement, plica.

Biomechanics (6 decks)

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