Quiz One Flashcards
What are the parts associated with scalars ?
Distance, speed, mass
Is distance a scalar or vector quantity?
Scalar
Is mass a scalar or vector quantity ?
Scalar
Is acceleration a scalar or vector quantity ?
Vector
The action (push or pull) upon a body causing it to deform or move is called what ?
Force
What has a large effect on kinetic energy?
Changes in velocity
Rate of displacement =
Rapid
What type of lever is a stapler, wheelbarrow?
Type 2 lever
What is performed when an object is displaced by the application of a force ?
Work
The study of FORCES and their effects is the definition of what?
Mechanics
Newtons second law of motion is also known as what?
Law of force and acceleration
Is displacement a scalar or vector quantity ?
Vector
Can work be positive or negative ?
Yes
Magnitude and direction is associated with what?
Vectors
What is Distance/time ?
Speed
The_________ of an object is the force of gravity acting upon that object?
Weight
What is the rate at which an object changes its velocity
Acceleration
Displacement over time is associated with what?
Velocity
Mass in motion is known as what?
Momentum
What is the rate at which an object changes its position ?
Velocity
Is the amount of matter that is contained by the object mass or wight?
Mass
You cannot speak of vectors without discussing_______?
Direction
What uses the principles of mechanics for SOLVING PROBLEMS related to structure and function of biologic and physiologic systems ?
Biomechanics
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion is what law of emotion?
First
What is the most common type of lever in the human body?
Type 3
Newtons first law of motion is also known as?
Law of inertia
What type of lever is see-saw, or claw hammer?
Type 1
What type of lever is a fishing rod, broom, tweezers ?
Type 3
Magnitude only is associated with what?
Scalars
Newtons third law of motion is also known as?
Law of action and reaction
The acceleration of an object depends directly upon the next force acting upon the object, and inversely upon the mass of the object is what law of motion?
Second
The ratio of motive force to a given resistive force is called what?
Mechanical advantage
What is the study of RELATIONSHIPS between the FORCE system acting on the body and the changes it produces in BODY MOTION ?
Kinetics
Amplitude =
Short depth
Force is measured in what?
Newtons
What kind of friction is when two surfaces are already sliding relative to each other?
Kinetic friction
Branch of mechanics that deals with the geometry of the MOTION OF OBJECTS (including (displacement, acceleration, velocity) is the definition of what?
Kinematics
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction is what law of motion?
Third
What is “how fast an object is moving”?
Speed
The intensity of force parallel to the surface on which it acts is called what?
Shear stress
How far out of place an object is and its overall change is position is know as what?
Displacement
What make up force?
Mass* acceleration
Is force a vector or scalar quantity?
Vector
The intensity of force perpendicular to the surface on which it acts is called what?
Normal stress
How much ground an object covered is know as what?
Distance
Kinetic friction is also know as what?
Dynamic friction
Is speed or velocity direction aware?
Velocity
What are the parts associated with vectors?
Displacement, velocity, acceleration, right, momentum, force.
Is momentum a vector or scalar quantity?
Vector
Is weight a scalar or vector quantity ?
Vector
Cortical bone can tolerate which kind of load better?
Longitudinal
It what order can cortical bone withstand greater amounts of stress?
Compression>tension> shear
What is it called when bone alters its size, shape, and structure, to meet the mechanical demands placed on it?
Wolff’s law
Is cartilage vascular?
Essentially no
What it cartilage composed of?
Collagen, chondrocytes, and ground substance
Synovial lubrication normally allows cartilage to experience__________ under varied loads?
Minimal wear
Which cartilaginous property makes it unlike any man made material?
Near frictionless
Which kind of wear is caused by either adhesion or abrasion?
Interfacial wear
Which kind of wear is caked by either repetition of high loads over a relatively short period or repetition of low loads over an extended period ?
Fatigue
Does articulate cartilage have a high capacity for repair and regeneration ?
No, it is very limited
What will play a primary role in tissue degeneration ?
An intense stress concentration in the contact area
How many intervertebral discs are their?
23
How are the intervertebral discs named?
Based on the segment above
What percent of height of the vertebral column is composed of by the intervertebral discs ?
20-30%
What are the 3 parts of the intervertebral discs ? ***
Nucleus purposes, annulus fibrosus, cartilaginous end plates
Where is the greatest disc to vertebral body ratio height?
Cervical spine
Where is the ratio of disc to vertebral to body height ratio the least?
Thoracic spine (1:5)
What percent water content is the nucleus pulposus?
70-90%
The nucleus pulposus is what percent water at birth?
90%
The nucleus pulposus is what percent water at age 20?
80%
The nucleus pulposus is what percent water at old age?
70%
Disc cells make ________?
The solutes
Lumbar nuclei are more _______ than central
Posterior
Lumbar nuclei fill ______% of the total disc area
30-50%
The annulus fibrosus is oriented in what direction WITHIN a band?
Same
The annulus fibrosus is oriented in what direction in any two ADJACENT bands?
Opposite
What angle are fibers in the annulus fibrosus
30%
Annular fibers are firmly attached to what?
Cartilaginous endplates
Peripheral zone fibers are attached to the vertebral body via what?
Sharpeys fibers (which are stronger than other attachments)
The PLL _____from the cervical to the lumbars until it covers only about 50 % of the lower lumbar discs ?
NARROWS
The weakest area of the annulus (most likely to be injured) is what part?
Posterolateral aspect
What direction os the MOST likely for a disc herniation in the lumbar spine?
Posterolateral
What part of the cartilaginous end plate is fairly impermeable ?
Outer
Diffusion of the nutrients occurs where?
The central portion
***The cartilaginous end plate supplies what with most or all of its nutrition ?
Nucleus pulposus
Do blood vessels go directly to the disc?
No
Where do annular fibers get their blood supply ?
Adjacent soft tissues
The nucleus pulposus gets its blood supply from where?
Vertebral bodies
When a disc is injured it becomes increasingly vascularized and innnevated by what?
Sensory nerve fibers
An IVD is avascular and aneural ?
True
Overnight does the disc expand or contract ?
Expand
Overnight does hydrostatic pressure increase or decrease ?
Decrease
Overnight does osmotic pressure and fluid volume in the disc increase or decrease?
Increases
During the daytime in their an increase or decrease in range of motion?
Increased (lumbar flexion up to 50%***)
Compression of the nucleus pulposus results in tension of what?
Annular fibers
**flexion results in compression of_______and tension on the______?
The anterior disc, posterior disc
A disc that has been injured deforms______than a healthy one.
MORE
Hysteresis decreases when?
Successively loaded
When a disc is loaded more rapidly it behaves more_____? Causing the IVD to be less effective at absorbing shock? ****
Stiffly
The nucleus resists what kind of forces?**
Compressive
Annular fibers resist what kind of forces? **
Tensile
Traction is what kind of force ?
Tensile
Gravity and muscle co contraction is what kind of forces?
Compressive
Axial rotation of the torso, A-P, Left to right are what kind of stress?
Shear
The disc is more susceptible to failure in the area of the forces of_________?
Tension
Mechanical failure occurs first where?
Cartilaginous endplate
What is it called when there is mechanical failure in the cartilaginous endplate ?
Nuclear herniation (schmorl’s node)
After mechanical failure and there is additional failure to withstand compression forces will result in?
Compression fractures
Compressive loads in_____are transmittted through the facets, leading to what kind of injuries?
Extension, capsular injuries
Compressive loads applied with torque around the long axis can lead to what?
Circumferential tears in the Annular fibers of the IVD
90% of the resistance to torque of a motion segment is provided by what?
IVD
What provides the majority of the torsional resistance ?
Annulus
Biomechanical behavior is dependent upon what?
The state of degeneration
The state of degeneration is dependent upon what?
The age of the disc
Which type of disc herniation is when the nucleus pulposus begins migrating toward through defects of the inner annulus, stays within the confines of the IVD?
Nuclear herniation
What type/stage of disc herniation is additional migration outside the confines of the IVD, but no rupture of the other most annular fibers ?
Bulge/prolapse
What stage/type of disc herniation is when the outer annular fibers tear and contents of the nucleus pulposus move into the epidural space?
Extrusion
What stage/type of disc herniation is when discal fragments break loose from the IVD and float freely in the CSF?
Sequesteration
What kind of exercise can help with herniated discs?
McKenzie EXTENSION exercises
What connects muscle to bone?
Tendon
What connects bone to bone
Ligament
Tendons and ligaments and composed of what?
Collagen and fibrocytes
Tendons joined to the skeletal muscle at the_________?
Musclotendinous junction
What are the 3 stages of healing soft tissue goes through ?
Inflammation, repair, remodeling
An overexertion or stress on contractile tissues is called?
Strain
What grade strain is when only a few fibers are torn and only minor weakness and loss of function, slightly painful, no palpable defect, and decreased range of motion.
Grade one
In a grade two strain how much of the muscle/tendon is torn?
1/4-1/2
Which grade strain has moderate to major weakness and loss of function, painful to contract, no palpable defect, decreased range of motion.
Grade 2
What grade strain is when all fibers are torn, major weakness and loss of function, minor or no pain, may have palpable Defect of caught early, possible increased range of motion?
Grade 3
Which type of sprain of a ligament or capsule is unstable ?
3
What two things can produce mechanical deformation ?
Trauma and nerve entrapment
What are 2 common modes of nerve injury?
Stretching and compression
What is maximal elongation at the elastic limit?
20%
In regards to tensile injuries of nerves at what percent does complete structural failure seem to occur?
25-30%
Tensile injuries are most often a result of what?
Accidents
At what mm Hg of local compression are functional changes seen?
30
At what mm Hg of compression is complete cessesation of interneural blood blood and complete ischemia seen?
80
After 2+ hours of compression can blow flow still be restored?
Yes
What is the considered the loose pack position in joint capsules ?
When the capsule is resting and has its most slack
What is the close pack position of joint capsules?
Joint surfaces are in the closest approximation and capsule and ligaments are maximally stressed
Any joint with a capsule has a______?
Capsule pattern
What is it called when a joint becomes excessively restricted due to adhesions in the capsule?
Adhesive capsulitis
What are causes of non capsular patterns?
Joint mice, impingement, plica.
