quiz na naman Flashcards
earliest linguistic texts written in cuneiform
babylonian tradition
had its origin in the first millennium BC and was simulated by changes in sanskrit
hindu tradition
origins of the languages and parts of the system speech
greek linguistics
entered the academy plato established
aristotle
his contributions was demythologized language
aristotle
he explained the semiotic triangle and theory of truth
aristotle
language is human’s expression of thoughts that are purposefully connected to elements in this world
semiotic triangle
properties of either thoughts and sentences are truth and falsity
theory of truth
professor of poetry and prebend of durham and bishop of saint david and london
robert lowth
published his book “short introduction to english grammar”
robert lowth
one of the fee grammarians to publish writing about what is right and wrong in english grammar
robert lowth
phonetics and phonology are dominant in early linguistics
modern linguistics
published his views on language in descent of man
charles darwin
he went to emphasize the similarities between animal and human communication
charles darwin
he also drew an extended analogy between the evolution of language and species
charles darwin
one of the leading figures in phonetics
henry sweet
human language evolves through a modification process where major languages gave birth yo new languages similar to biological species develop their language
darwinian perspective
idea that change over time
evolution
able to survive in their environment
natural selection
better physically equipped to survive, grow to maturity, and reproduce
natural selection
evolutionary is marked by isolated episodes
multiplication species
swiss linguist and interested in language in a very young age
fredinand de saussure
learned french, english, greek, and latin at the age of 15
ferdinand de saussure
one of the pillars of linguistics in 20th century
ferdinand de saussure
co founder of semiotics and structuralism
ferdinand de saussure
maintained the difference between langue and parole
structuralism
father of modern linguistics
avram noah chomsky
introduced universal grammar and suggested that human gas an ability to learn grammar because the brain has a language acquisition device or LAD
avram noah chomsky
he believe that language structures are already wired into the human brain at birth
avram noam chomsky
he rejected bloomfieldian structuralism
avram noam chomsky
a formal system making explicit the mechanisms
generative grammar
was developed from the late 1960’s by simon dik a dutch linguist
functional linguistics
opposes chomskian linguistics
functional linguistics and simon dik
two theories of functional grammar
cognitive grammar
construction grammar
emergence over time of grammatical categories and structures
west coast functional grammar
refers to the process by which a language evolves over time, resulting in differences in its pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and usage from one generation to the next
language change
changes in a language’s sound that alter the word pronunciation and refers to ant alterations in the language’s phonological or phonetic structure
sound changes
changes in a language’s vocabulary or the words in a language. ex: borrowed words
lexical changes
changes in the meanings of words over time. ex: use of the metaphorical extension
semantic changes
changes in s language’s syntax structure
syntactic changes
named after jacob grimm
grimm’s law
a set describing how the sounds of consonants shifted and developed
grimm’s law
series of changes in english pronunciation that occurred predominantly between 1400 and 1700
great vowel shift
a sub field of linguistics concerned with studying languages’ history and development
philology
a person who studies the history of languages
philologist
the ancestor or great grandmother of all the languages used in the Indian subcontinent and europe.
proto-indo-european or PIE
proto is from yhe greek word “protos” which means
first or original
he discovered the Indo European Family of Languages and he discovered it by noticing the resemblance of the languages
william jones
this branch mainly dominated the Europe
western branch
original form is proto germanic language and divided into 3 groups namely west, north and east
germanic languages
only existing language is greek language
hellenic languages
smallest unit of languages in western branch and originated in central europe
Celtic languages
center of this sub group is italy
italic languages
language mainly dominated the asia, particularly on indian subcontinent
eastern branch.
a hypothetical group of languages comprising of two
balto-slavic languages
in 21st century this languages were spoken by almost one billion individuals residing in southwestern and southern asia
indo iranian languages
sanskrit, hindi and bengalis is what part of languages
indian languages
iranian and persian is what part of languages
iranian languages
also called as the anglo saxon and ancestor of middle english and modern english and mostly written in latin
old english
name of the first ever stage of the english language
anglo saxon
450 AD - 1066 AD
old english
were a cultural group composed of 3 germanic tribes which are angles, saxons, and jutes
anglo saxons
before this era started, we had a language that is most likely an old germanic in its character, sounds, spellings, grammar and vocabulary
middle english
1150 CE - 1450 CE
middle english
was influenced by latin and germanic
old english
was influenced by old french
middle english
1500 - present and emerged at the same time with the invention of printing press
modern english period
pronunciation, grammar and spelling remained largely unchanged
late modern english
3 main types of dialect
Regional dialect
social dialect
standard dialect
3 types of network
dense
loose
multiplex
adoption of words from a source language into their native language
linguistic borrowing
when speakers of two or more languages interact and influences each other
language contact
5 types of linguistics borrwoing
loanword
loan translation
loan rendition
loan blend
semantic loan or loan shift
borrowing of both word & definition
loan word
word-per-word translation from both parts lending compound
loan translation
translation vaguely captures the original meaning
loan rendition
one part of the compound is borrowed; another one is translated
loan blend
only the meaning is borrowed, not the word.
semantic loan or loan shift
a variety of language that is a characteristics of a particular group of the language speakers and is spoken not written
dialect
smaller and more specific and often regional
dialect
use of more than 1 language by a speaker within an intercourse w/ others
code switching
word from one language is adopted for use in another
borrowing
change from the use of 1 language to use another language
language shift
contact language that is developed in a situation where speakers of diff language needs a certain language to communicate
pidgins
a complete language used in a community and acquired by children as their native language
creole
a group of people who share the same language, speech characteristics, and way of interpreting communication
speech community
A subgroup variety of a language with a particular geographical area is called
regional dialect
The social boundaries that give rise to dialect variation are numerous.They may be based on socioeconomic status,religious,ethnic, or racial differences, country of origin, and even gender.
social dialect
An idealized variety of a language that is considered the dominant or prestige variety within a language.It is the version of a language that is held by prescriptive grammarians and language purists as correct.
standard dialect
